Test your knowledge of Romanticism in Brazil, in Portugal, the phases and main characteristics of the movement. Answer the questions and confirm the answers commented by our expert teachers.
question 1
(And either)
Sonnet
Already from death the pallor covers my face,
On my lips the breath faints,
Deaf agony the heart withers,
And it devours my mortal being disgust!
From the bed to the soft backrest
I try to retain sleep... already fading
The exhausted body that rest forgets...
This is the state the hurt has put me in!
Goodbye, your goodbye, my longing,
Make that insane living deprive me
And have my eyes in the dark.
Give me the hope with which I kept the being!
Turn your eyes to the lover for pity,
Eyes for those who lived who no longer live!
AZEVEDO, A. Complete work. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Aguilar, 2000.
The thematic nucleus of the aforementioned sonnet is typical of the second romantic generation, but configures a lyricism that projects it beyond this specific moment. The foundation of this lyricism is
a) the anguish fueled by the realization of the irreversibility of death.
b) the melancholy that frustrates the possibility of reaction to the loss.
c) the lack of control over emotions caused by self-pity.
d) the wish to die as a relief for heartbreak.
e) the taste for darkness as a solution to suffering.
Correct alternative: b) the melancholy that frustrates the possibility of reaction in the face of loss.
The sonnet shows a hurt and disgusted lyrical self. "Disgust, hurt and agony" are words that set us up for this feeling, which is a consequence of a disillusionment in love ("Turn your eyes to your lover out of pity, / Eyes for those who lived who have not already lives!").
The lyrical self is mostly discouraged, which is why it doesn't react, and that bothers it. This is what we observe in the verses "The exhausted body that rest forgets... / This is the state the grief has put me in!"
question 2
(And either)
In the excerpt below, the narrator, when describing the character, subtly criticizes another period style: Romanticism.
“At that time he was only about fifteen or sixteen; she was perhaps the boldest creature of our race, and certainly the most willful. I'm not saying that the primacy of beauty already fell to him, among the young ladies of the time, because this is not a novel, in which the author gilds reality and closes his eyes to freckles and pimples; but I don't say that any freckles or pimples marred his face either. It was beautiful, fresh, it came out of the hands of nature, full of that spell, precarious and eternal, that the individual passes on to another individual, for the secret purposes of creation.”
ASSIS, Ax de. The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas. Rio de Janeiro: Jackson, 1957.
The sentence in the text in which the narrator's criticism of romanticism is perceived is transcribed in the alternative:
a) "... the author supersedes reality and closes his eyes to freckles and pimples..."
b) "...she was perhaps the boldest creature of our race..."
c) "she was beautiful, fresh, came out of the hands of nature, full of that spell, precarious and eternal,..."
d) "At that time he was only about fifteen or sixteen years old…"
e) "... the individual passes to another individual, for the secret purposes of creation."
Correct alternative: a) “… the author supersedes reality and closes his eyes to freckles and pimples…”.
While Romanticism idealized the woman as a physically perfect being, Machado de Assis' Realism understands that a woman can be beautiful even with imperfections.
A "real" woman, who of course cannot be perfect, is equally beautiful.
question 3
(Mackenzie)
Nature, in this stanza:
"From the tamarind the flower opened a little while ago,
Already release the sweetest aroma bogari!
As a prayer of love, as these prayers,
In the silence of the night the forest exhales.”
Gonçalves Dias
Note:
tamarind = fruit tree; the fruit of that same plant
bogari = white flower bush
a) it is conceived as an indomitable force that subjects the lyrical self to an instinctive erotic experience.
b) expresses loving feelings.
c) she is represented by a mythical deity from the classical tradition.
d) it works only as a scenographic framework for the love idyll.
e) it is objectively recreated, based on elements of the national fauna and flora.
Correct alternative: b) expresses loving feelings.
Nature, exalted by Gonçalves Dias, is one of the most common themes in his work.
In this stanza, from the poem Leito de Folhas Verdes, the poet relates the action of nature with feelings loving, as the verses show "As a prayer of love, as these prayers, / In the silence of the night the forest exhales."
question 4
(And either)
TEXT A
exile song
My land has palm trees,
Where the Sabiá sings,
The birds, which chirp here,
It doesn't chirp like there.
Our sky has more stars,
Our floodplains have more flowers,
Our woods have more life,
Our loves more life.
[...]
My land has primes,
Such as I do not find here;
In brooding - alone, at night -
More pleasure I find there;
my land has palm trees
Where the Sabiá sings.
Don't let God let me die,
Without my going back there;
Without enjoying the primes
That I don't find around here;
Without even seeing the palm trees
Where the Sabiá sings.
DAYS, G. Complete poetry and prose. Rio de Janeiro: Aguilar, 1998.
TEXT B
Return to the Homeland Corner
My land has palms
where the sea chirps
the birds here
They don't sing like the ones over there
My land has more roses
And there are almost more loves
My land has more gold
my land has more land
gold earth love and roses
I want everything from there
don't let god let me die
without going back there
don't let god let me die
Without going back to São Paulo
Without me seeing 15th Street
And the progress of São Paulo
ANDRADE, O. Student Oswald's Poetry Notebooks. São Paulo: Circle of the Book. s/d.
Texts A and B, written in different historical and cultural contexts, focus on the same poetic motif: the Brazilian landscape is interviewed from a distance. Analyzing them, it is concluded that:
a) the pride, attitude of those who are excessively proud of the country in which they were born, and the tone of the two texts.
b) the exaltation of nature is the main characteristic of text B, which values the tropical landscape highlighted in text A.
c) text B addresses the theme of the nation, like text A, but without losing a critical view of the Brazilian reality.
d) text B, as opposed to text A, reveals the poet's geographical distance from his homeland.
e) both texts ironically present the Brazilian landscape.
Correct alternative: c) text B addresses the theme of the nation, like text A, but without losing a critical view of the Brazilian reality.
The text by the modernist Oswald de Andrade makes intertextuality with that of the romantic Gonçalves Dias.
While the "Song of Exile" is characterized by pride (excessive patriotism), "Song of Return to the Homeland" is characterized by patriotism, whose pride of homeland does not prevent the author from to critically see reality, which can be seen in the following verses: "Golden land, love and roses / I want everything from there", that is, even if I am a patriot, I take advantage of my homeland if I do so. befit.
question 5
(And either)
The sertão and the sertanejo
There begins the sertão called gross. In these fields, so diverse due to the hue of the colors, the grass grown and dried by the sun's heat turns into lush carpet of grass, when the fire that some drover, by chance or mere casualness, sets off with a spark of his own lighter. Mining deaf in the tussock, life sparks fall. In a few moments any breeze, however feeble it may be, runs out, and the slender, trembling tongue of fire rises, as if to contemplate, fearfully and hesitantly, the immense spaces that stretch out before it. The fire, held in points, here, there, consuming some nuisance more slowly, gradually dies until it becomes extinguish completely, leaving as a sign of the overwhelming passage the white sheet, which followed the swift steps. Everywhere melancholy; from all sides ethical perspectives. It is falling, however, in a few days' time copious rain, and it seems that a fairy's wand has walked through those dark corners, hastily tracing enchanted and never-seen gardens. It all comes together in an intimate work of amazing activity. Life overflows.
TAUNAY, A. Innocence. São Paulo: Attica, 1999 (adapted).
The romantic novel was of fundamental importance in the formation of the idea of nation. Considering the excerpt above, it is possible to recognize that one of the main and permanent contributions of Romanticism to the construction of the nation's identity is:
a) possibility of presenting an unknown dimension of the national nature, marked by underdevelopment and by the lack of perspective of renewal.
b) awareness of land exploitation by colonizers and the local ruling class, which inhibited the unbridled exploitation of the country's natural resources.
c) construction, in simple, realistic and documentary language, without fantasy or exaltation, of an image of the land that revealed how great Brazilian nature is.
d) expansion of the geographic limits of the land, which promoted the feeling of unity in the national territory and made known the most distant places in Brazil to Brazilians.
e) valorization of urban life and progress, to the detriment of the interior of Brazil, formulating a concept of nation centered on the models of the nascent Brazilian bourgeoisie.
Correct alternative: d) expansion of the geographic limits of the land, which promoted the feeling of unity of the national territory and made known the most distant places in Brazil to Brazilians.
It is in Romanticism that we find the valorization of the motherland. Viscount de Taunay's "Innocence" is a regionalist novel that was written between the end of Romanticism and the beginning of Naturalism.
In it, Taunay makes known the customs and beauty of the hinterland, expanding knowledge about Brazil to most Brazilians.
question 6
(Fuvest)
Among the most commented works by Visconde de Taunay are: O Encilhamento, A Retreat da Laguna and, mainly, the novel:
a) Moreninha.
b) Innocence.
c) Clarissa.
d) Pink.
e) The Slave Isaura.
Correct alternative: b) Innocence.
"Innocence" is considered the masterpiece of Viscount de Taunay. A work from 1872, it details the landscapes and life of the Brazilian hinterland according to reality.
The trips taken by Viscount de Taunay were essential to the quality of this regionalist novel.
question 7
(FCC)
Castro Alves' words would be, in the context in which he was inserted, a word open to the reality of the nation, the poet becoming indignant with the slave's problem and being enthusiastic about the progress and technique that had already reached the countryside. This last aspect allows us to state that Castro Alves
a) he identifies himself with the poets of the second romantic generation with regard to the conception of nature as a refuge.
b) it distances itself, in this sense, from other poets, such as Fagundes Varela, who consider the countryside an antidote to the ills of the city.
c) treats nature in the same way as the Arcadian poet who preceded him.
d) anticipates the behavior of the Parnassian poet who is enthusiastic about external reality.
e) idealizes the nature of the homeland, seeking to preserve its simplicity and purity, just like Gonçalves Dias.
Correct alternative: b) it distances itself, in this sense, from other poets, such as Fagundes Varela, who consider the countryside an antidote to the ills of the city.
Fagundes Varela does not want to find in the countryside what he finds in the city, so for him the field is a relief, being a way of correcting unpleasant things, which he calls "the evils of City".
Meanwhile, Castro Alves reveals his opinion on the progress of the countryside, as can be seen in the following excerpt: "being enthusiastic about the progress and technique that has already reached the rural environment".
question 8
(UEL)
Check the alternative that adequately completes the assertion:
Romanticism, thanks to the dominant ideology and a complex artistic, social and political content, is characterized as a favorable time for the emergence of human natures marked by
a) theocentrism, hypersensitivity, joy, optimism and belief.
b) ethnocentrism, insensitivity, relaxation, optimism and belief in society.
c) egocentrism, hypersensitivity, melancholy, pessimism, anguish and despair.
d) theocentrism, insensitivity, relaxation, anguish and hopelessness.
e) self-centeredness, hypersensitivity, joy, relaxation and belief in the future.
Correct alternative: c) egocentrism, hypersensitivity, melancholy, pessimism, anguish and despair.
These are all characteristics of Romanticism. The romantic first generation is marked by sentimentality, nationalism, exaltation of nature, while the second is charged with pessimism.
The third generation, in turn, is characterized by liberating aspects and social reality.
question 9
(FEI)
Number the column on the left, according to the column on the right, in view of Brazilian romantic poetry:
1. first generation
2. second generation
3. third generation
( ) abolitionism
( ) joint ownership
( ) exacerbated self-pity
( ) obsession with death
( ) Indianism
( ) nationalism
Now, choose the alternative that presents the correct sequence of numerals:
a) 2 - 3 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 1.
b) 1 - 3 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 3.
c) 3 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 2.
d) 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 1.
e) 3 - 3 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 1.
Correct alternative: e) 3 - 3 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 1.
Abolitionism is characteristic of the third generation of Romanticism, a moment that reveals a concern with social reality.
Condorism, also from this same phase, translates the condor, which was the symbol chosen by the youth of the romantics to express their desire for freedom.
Self-pity and death obsession belong to the generation that came to be known as the "evil generation of the century," which was marked by pessimism and exalted death.
Indianism, along with nationalism, are characteristic of the first romantic generation, which portrayed the Indian as a national hero.
question 10
(UFPR)
Some of the greatest exponents of romantic aesthetics in Portugal in the 19th century were:
a) Castro Alves, Almeida Garret and Alexandre Herculano
b) Cesário Verde, Álvares de Azevedo and Castro Alves.
c) Eça de Queiroz, Camilo Castelo Branco and Vitor Hugo.
d) Stendhal, Antero de Quental and Fagundes Varela.
e) Almeida Garret, Alexandre Herculano and Camilo Castelo Branco.
Correct alternative: e) Almeida Garret, Alexandre Herculano and Camilo Castelo Branco.
This is the only alternative whose authors are all Portuguese. Almeida Garret (1799-1854), Alexandre Herculano (1810-1870) and Camilo Castelo Branco (1825-1890) are some of the most important and well-known authors of Romanticism in Portugal.
question 11
(Fuvest)
We could synthesize one of the characteristics of Romanticism by the following approximation of opposites:
a) Apparently idealistic, it was, in reality, the first moment of Literary Naturalism.
b) Cultivating the past, sought ways to understand and explain the present.
c) Preaching formal freedom, he remained attached to the models bequeathed by the classics.
d) Although marked by liberal tendencies, he was opposed to political nationalism.
e) Focused on nationalist themes, he lost interest in the exotic element, incompatible with the exaltation of the country.
Correct alternative: b) Cultivating the past, sought ways to understand and explain the present.
The first phase of Romanticism is characterized by the idealization of the Indian and nationalism, exalting our past.
These characteristics are related to the historical context in which Romanticism appears (1836), years after the independence of Brazil (1822).
question 12
(UCP-PR)
The desire to die and the unhealthy sentimentality are characteristics of the poetry of the author of Lira in his twenties. Its about:
a) Gonçalves Dias.
b) Castro Alves.
c) Gonçalves de Magalhães.
d) Casimiro de Abreu.
e) Álvares de Azevedo.
Correct alternative: e) Álvares de Azevedo.
Álvares de Azevedo (1831-1852) was part of the second romantic generation, also known as the Generation "Evil of the Century", which is mainly characterized by pessimism, self-centeredness and the exaltation of death.
question 13
(UFV)
Check the false alternative:
a) Romanticism, as a style, is not modeled by the author's individuality; form always predominates over content.
b) Romanticism is a movement of universal expression, inspired by medieval models and unified by the prevalence of characteristics common to all writers of the time.
c) Romanticism, as a period style, consisted basically of an aesthetic-literary phenomenon developed in opposition to intellectualism and the rationalist and classical tradition of the 18th century.
d) Romanticism, or rather the romantic spirit, can be summarized in a single quality: imagination. Imagination can be credited with the extraordinary ability of romantics to create imaginary worlds.
e) Romanticism was characterized by a complex of characteristics, such as subjectivism, illogism, a sense of mystery, exaggeration, the cult of nature and escapism.
Correct alternative: a) Romanticism, as a style, is not modeled by the author's individuality; form always predominates over content.
One of the characteristics of Romanticism is individualism. In this literary school, the individual is the center of attention, while at the same time abandoning classical forms and using free and white verse.
question 14
(PUC-Campinas)
“Singer of the jungles, among wild forests
Rough trunk of the stumbling palm tree,
Joined to him I will release my song,
While the wind in the palms hums,
Roaring the long, found fans.”
The verses above, from Os Timbiras, by Gonçalves Dias, present characteristics of the first romantic generation:
a) attachment to balance in the form of expression; presence of nationalism, the Indian theme and the appreciation of Brazilian nature.
b) resistance to sentimental exaggerations and to the form of expression subordinated to emotions; vision of poetry in the service of social causes such as slavery.
c) expression concerned with the sense of measure; “evil of the century”; nature as friend and confidant.
d) overflow in the form of expression; valorization of the Indian as a typical national man; presentation of nature as a refuge from the ills of the heart.
e) expression in the service of the manifestation of the most exaggerated moods; deep feeling of loneliness.
Correct alternative: a) attachment to balance in the form of expression; presence of nationalism, the Indian theme and the appreciation of Brazilian nature.
The first phase of Romanticism is based on Indianism and nationalism, which is related to the search for national identity.
These characteristics result from the historical moment, since Romanticism emerged a few years after the independence of Brazil (1822).
question 15
(PUC-PR)
Check the correct alternative.
The Brazilian poetry of 19th century Romanticism can be divided into:
a) three phases: nature and Indianist poetry, individualist and subjective poetry, and liberal and social poetry.
b) two phases: the historical and Indianist phase, and the subjective and individualist phase.
c) three phases: the subjective, the nationalist and the experimental.
d) four phases: historical, nationalist criticism, experimental and subjective.
e) two phases: the loving and sentimental phase and the nationalist phase.
Correct alternative: a) three phases: nature and Indianist poetry, individualist and subjective poetry, and liberal and social poetry.
The three phases of Romanticism have the following characteristics:
- 1st phase: idealization of the Indian, conceived as a “national hero”, and exaltation of the roots of our country.
- 2nd phase: egocentrism, melancholy, pessimism and, consequently, exaltation of death.
- 3rd phase: search for freedom, from which condoleirism and social and political concerns arise.
question 16
About prose in Brazilian romanticism is incorrect claim:
a) It was disseminated by serials published in newspapers.
b) It was characterized by nationalist crime novels.
c) Had José de Alencar as the greatest representative of Indianist novels.
d) Presented aspects of bourgeois customs with urban novels.
e) Valued national identity through regionalist novels.
Correct alternative: b) It was characterized by nationalist crime novels.
Brazilian romantic prose was driven by serials, chapters of novels that were published in newspapers at the time. It was disseminated by several types of novels, among which the following stand out:
- Indianist novel: marked by the search and valorization of the national hero, the Indian, and had José de Alencar as its main representative.
- Urban Novel: portrays urban life, the petty bourgeoisie, the rise of the middle class, social and moral relations.
- Regionalist Novel: marked by the search for the rediscovery of Brazil and its regional and cultural diversity.
question 17
I. The first phase of romanticism in Brazil was marked by the creation of the national hero in the figure of African descendants.
II. The second phase of romanticism in Brazil is called ultra-romantic, marked by strong pessimism.
III. The third phase of romanticism in Brazil was characterized by social and libertarian poetry.
About the phases of romanticism, the following statements are correct:
there
b) II
c) I and II
d) II and III
e) I, II and III
Correct alternative: d) II and III
Romanticism in Brazil was divided into three phases (or generations):
- First phase (1836 to 1852): the nationalist-indianist generation had as its main characteristic the search for a national hero, where the Indian was elected.
- Second phase (1853 to 1869): the ultra-romantic generation was marked by pessimism, negativity and egocentrism.
- Third phase (1870 to 1880): the libertarian generation of condominiums presents a broader vision of social reality.
question 18
Regarding romanticism in Brazil, it can be said that:
a) represented a social and libertarian movement that culminated in the creation of the sonnet.
b) reinforced aspects of Brazilian identity, especially in the first phase.
c) was directly influenced by Latin American prose with its bucolic theme.
d) alongside Arcadism, it is part of one of the literary schools of the colonial era.
e) was directly related to Portuguese humanism.
Correct alternative: b) reinforced aspects of Brazilian identity, especially in the first phase.
Romanticism in Brazil began in 1836 and was divided into three phases, the first of which was marked by nationalism and Indianism.
The other alternatives are incorrect because:
a) the sonnet is a fixed literary form that was probably created in the 14th century by the Italian poet and humanist Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374).
c) at no time was romanticism influenced by Latin American literature. The bucolic, which values life in the countryside, is a characteristic of the previous school: Arcadism.
d) the so-called colonial era brings together the literary schools of the 16th century, Baroque and Arcadianism (1768). Romanticism is part of the so-called National Era, alongside Realism/Naturalism/Parnasianism, Symbolism, Pre-Modernism and Modernism (1922).
e) Literary Humanism emerged in the 15th century in Europe and represented the transition period between Troubadourism and Classicism, as well as from the Middle Ages to the Modern Age.
question 19
About the regional novel, all alternatives are correct, except:
a) presents the Indian as a national hero, a symbol of purity and innocence.
b) is marked by the regional and cultural diversity of Brazil.
c) is related to the particularities of the inhabitants of different regions.
d) explores expressions used in the sertanejo universe.
e) presents landscapes of the northeastern hinterland in many works.
Correct alternative: a) presents the Indian as a national hero, symbol of purity and innocence.
The Indian was elected as a national hero in the first phase of romanticism, called nationalist-indianist.
Regionalist novels stood out in Brazilian romantic prose, being marked by the diversity of Brazil. For this reason, they include landscapes, expressions and social groups that are part of the country, such as the sertanejo.
question 20
Consider the following statements about romanticism in Brazil:
I. The romantic movement in Brazil began in 1836 with the publication of “Poetic sighs and longing” by Gonçalves de Magalhães.
II. Romanticism in Brazil stood out in poetry and prose.
III. The second phase of romanticism in Brazil was influenced by the poetry of the English poet Lord Byron.
The statements are correct:
there
b) I and II
c) I and III
d) II and III
e) I, II and III
Correct alternative: e) I, II and III
Romanticism in Brazil began in 1836 with the publication of the work of poetry “Poetic sighs and longing” by Gonçalves de Magalhães.
With emphasis on poetry and prose (urban, regional, Indian), the movement was divided into three generations: Indian, ultra-romantic and condominium.
The second phase, marked by pessimism, was influenced by the poetry of the Englishman George Gordon Byron (1788-1824), also being called the “Byronian” generation.
Read too:
- Romanticism
- Romanticism: characteristics and historical context
- Romanticism in Brazil
- Romanticism in Portugal
- The language of romanticism
- Romantic generations in Brazil
