O Present Perfect is an English tense that can be used to indicate actions that began in the past and have continued into the present, or have been completed recently.
There is no equivalent to Present Perfect in the Portuguese language.
O All Matter has selected a series of exercises to help you understand how and when to use this tense.
Get to work!
Commented issues
1. (DPE-SP/2015)
What Causes Super Blood Moon?
By Daniel Victor, Sept, 25, 2015.
A rare astronomical phenomenon Sunday night will produce a moon that will appear slightly bigger... I... usual and have a reddish hue, an event known as a super blood moon.
It’s a combination of curiosities that hasn’t... II... since 1982, and won’t happen again... III... 2033. The so-called supermoon, which occurs when the moon is closest to earth in its orbit, will coincide with a lunar eclipse, leaving the moon in Earth's shadow. Individually, the two phenomena are not uncommon, but they do not align often.
Most people are unlikely to detect the larger size of the supermoon. It may appear 14 percent larger and 30 percent brighter, but the difference is subtle to the plain eye. But the reddish tint from the lunar eclipse is likely to be visible throughout much of North America, especially on the East Coast.
“You’re basically seeing all of the sunrises and sunsets across the world, all at once, being reflected off the surface of the moon,” said Dr. Sarah Noble, a program scientist at NASA.
(Adapted from: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/26/science/super-blood-moon-to-make-last-appearance-until2033.html)
The alternative that correctly fills gap II is
a) happen
b) happening
c) will happen
d) happened
e) happens
Right alternative: d) happened
a sentence in Present Perfect follows the following structure: verb I have conjugate in the Simple Present (has/have) + main verb conjugated in Past Participate.
a) WRONG. Happen is the verb to happen (happen) in the infinitive, without the I'm. O Past Participate in to happen é happened.
b) WRONG. Happening is the verb to happen (happen) conjugated in the Present Continuous. O Past Participate in to happen é happened.
c) WRONG. will happen is the verb to happen (happen) conjugated in the Simple Future. O Past Participate in to happen é happened.
d) CORRECT. The structure formed by the use of alternative d) makes the verb of the sentence to be correctly inflected in the Present Perfectt: has happened.
e) WRONG. Happens is the verb to happen (happen) conjugated in the third person singular of the Simple Present. O Past Participate in to happen é happened.
2. (Ibmec-RJ/2011)
Global Thinking in the 21st Century
At the end of the 20th century, the world has changed in important ways. Until recently nations acted independently. Each did its business and tried to solve its problems alone. But now, the economy is worldwide and communications technologies have connected people all over the globe. Many problems are global too, and can no longer be solved by individual nations.
Environmental destruction is one of these problems. The world's population has grown and technology has developed, the environment has suffered. Some nations have begun to try to stop the pollution and the environmental destruction. But the environment is global – the atmosphere, the oceans, and many forms of life are all connected. Thus, the solutions require global thinking.
The problem of ocean pollution is a good example. Since all the oceans of the world are connected. Pollution does not stay where it begins. It spreads out from every river and every harbor and affects bodies of water everywhere.
For centuries, people have used the oceans as a dumping place. Many cities take tons of garbage out to sea and dump it there. Five million plastic containers are thrown into the world’s oceans every day! Aside from plastics, many other dangerous substances are dumped in oceans.
Some people believe that oceans are so large that chemicals and waste will disappear. However, many things, such as chemicals and plastics, stay in the water and create problems.
Another global pollution problem concerns the atmosphere. Until recently, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were used around the world in manufacturing refrigerators. Scientists discovered that these CFCs were destroying the ozone layer in the atmosphere and this layer helps protect the earth from the sun's rays. Without this layer, most forms of life on earth - including humans - probable would not be able to live.
CFCs will soon be banned in the United States and in most developed countries while many other countries are still using CFCs in manufacturing. Among these are some of the most populous on earth, such as India and China, which need to change their refrigerator factories to non-CPC processes. But they may not be able to make this change alone and will need help from the industrialized countries. This is what global thinking means – working together for solutions.
Some examples of the use of the present perfect were extracted from the text (…communications technologies have connected people all over the globe,… the environment has suffered, Some nations have begun to try…, … people have used the oceans as a dumping place). This verb tense was used because:
a) the development process is happening at the time of speech
b) the development process is in the past
c) the development process is widespread
d) the development process is happening within a limited time span
e) the development process is on-going
Correct alternative: e) the development process is on-going
O Present Perfect is used to indicate actions that began in the past and have continued into the present, or that have been completed recently.
a) WRONG. Alternative a) states that the Present Perfect was used because “the development process is happening at the time of speech”. The tense that indicates an action that takes place at the time of speech is the Present Continuous.
b) WRONG. Alternative b) states that the Present Perfect was used because “the development process is in the past”.
c) WRONG. Alternative c) states that the Present Perfect was used because “the development process is comprehensive”. This statement has nothing to do with the use of tense.
d) WRONG. Alternative d) states that the Present Perfect was used because “the development process is happening in a limited time span”.
This statement has nothing to do with the use of tense.
e) CORRECT. Alternative e) is correct, as it states that the Present Perfect it was used because “the development process is ongoing”, that is, it started in the past and extended to the present.
3. (Fatec-SP/2008)
Just Like Humans
Animal personality is now taken seriously.
We name them, raise them, cloth them and spoil them. We describe them as manipulative, grumpy, sensitive and caring.
And they’re not even human – they’re our pets. It’s in our nature to ascribe human characteristics to animals even if they don’t really exist. For this reason, in the interests of remaining objective observers of nature, scientists have taken pains to avoid anthropomorphizing animals. To talk about a dog having a swagger or a cat being shy would invite professional sneers.
In recent years, however, evidence has begun to show that animals have personalities after all. Chimps, for example, can be conscientious: they think before they act, they plan and they control their impulses, says Samuel Gosling, a Texas-based psychologist. Research has identified similar personality traits in many other species.
The implications of these findings for research on human personality are powerful.
Scientists can look to animal studies for insight into humans the same way they now look to animal testing for insight into drugs.
Animal research has already begun to shed light on how different sights [sic] of people respond to medications and treatments – aggressive and passive rats respond differently to antidepressants, for example.
The hope is that animals can help illuminate the murky interplay of genes and the environment on people's personalities. The research may even lead to predictions about what people will do, based on their personalities, when they're stressed out or frightened. Putting personality testing – already a thriving business – on a firm footing could uncover a wealth of knowledge about where personality comes from.
(Newsweek, June 18, 2007)
Check the alternative that contains the correct use of the verb tense "present perfect", as in the example - “evidence has begun to show that animals have personalities after all” – in the second paragraph of text.
a) Her grandfather has won the lottery.
b) When America was discovered, Indians have lived in the land for a long time.
c) The president has arrived from Europe the previous night.
d) They have finished their assignment before the end of class.
e) Brazil has won the world cup in 2002.
Correct alternative: a) Her grandfather has won the lottery.
a) CORRECT. O Present Perfect is used to indicate actions that began in the past and have continued into the present, or that have been completed recently.
With the use of Present Perfect in the sentence Her grandfather has won the lottery. (Her grandfather won the lottery.) It is possible to interpret the content as an action that was recently completed.
b) WRONG. In the sentence When America was discovered, Indians have lived in the land for a long time. (When America was discovered, the Indians had lived in the territory for a long time.), it is clear that there were two actions in the past, where one (the Indians having lived in America) happened before the other (the discovery of America).
When two actions occur in the past, the first to happen must be in the Past Perfect and the next action must be in the Simple Past.
In alternative b), the second action is correctly conjugated in Simple Past (was discovered), but the first is inflected in the Present Perfect (have lived) and should be in the Past Perfect (had lived).
c) WRONG. In the sentence The president has arrived from Europe the previous night. (The president arrived from Europe the night before.), we have a specific past tense referred to in the sentence: the previous night (the night before).
When this occurs, the correct tense to be used is the Simple Past.
for the Present Perfect is used, a specific time should not be mentioned.
d) WRONG. In the sentence They have finished their assignment before the end of class. (They finished their homework before the end of class), we have a specific past tense referred to in the sentence: before the end of class (before the end of the class).
When this occurs, the correct tense to be used is the Simple Past.
for the Present Perfect is used, a specific time should not be mentioned.
e) WRONG. In the sentence Brazil has won the world cup in 2002. (Brazil won the World Cup in 2002.), we have a specific past time referred to in the sentence: in 2002 (in 2002).
When this occurs, the correct tense to be used is the Simple Past.
for the Present Perfect is used, a specific time should not be mentioned.
4. One of the purposes of my trip across my native country was to listen – to hear speech1, accent rhythms, overtones and emphasis. For speech is so much more than words and sentences. I did listen everywhere. It seemed to me that regional speech is in the process of disappearing; not gone, but going. Decades of radio and television must have this impact. communications must destroy8 localness, by a slow, inevitable process. I can remember a time when I could almost pinpoint a man as the place of origin by his speech. That is growing more difficult now and will in some foreseeable future become impossible. It is a rare house or building that is not rigged with the spiky combers of the air. Radio and television speech becomes standardized, perhaps better than we have ever used. Just as our bread, mixed and baked, packaged and sold without benefit of accident or human frailty, is uniformly good and uniformly tasteless, so will our speech become one speech18.
I who love words and the endless possibility of words am saddened by this inevitability3. For with local accent will disappear local time. The idioms, the figures of speech that make language rich and full of the poetry of place and time must go. And in their place will be a national speech17, wrapped and packaged, standard and tasteless. In the many years since I have listened14 to the land, the change is very great. Traveling west along the northern routes, I did not hear truly local speech until I reached Montana. I fell in love again with Montana5. The West Coast went back to package English. The Southwest kept7 a grasp, but a slipping grasp on localness. Of course the deep south holds on to its regional expressions, just as it holds and treasures some other anachronisms, but no region can hold out for long against the highway, the high-tension line and the national television. what i am mourning9 is perhaps not worth saving, but I regret its loss nevertheless6.
Even while I protest the assembly-line production of our food, our songs, our language, and eventually our souls, I know that it was15 a rare home that baked good bread in the old days. mother's cooking11 was with rare exceptions poor, that good unpasteurized milk touched only by flies and bits of manure crawling with bacteria, the healthy old time life was riddled with aches12 and sudden death from unknown13 causes and that sweet local speech I mourn was the child of illiteracy and ignorance. It is the nature of man as he grows10 older, the small bridge in time2, to protest against change, particularly change for the better. But it is true that we have exchanged corpulence for starvation, and either one will kill16 us. We, or at least I, can have no conception of human life in a hundred years or fifty years. Perhaps my greatest wisdom is the knowledge that I do not know. The sad ones are those who waste their energy4 in trying to hold it back, for they can only feel bitternes in loss and no joy in gain.
(STEINBECK, John. Travels with Charley. New York: Book of the Month Club, 1962.)
The present perfect form of “That is one of the reasons I fell in love again with Montana” (ref.5) is:
a) that is one of the reasons I have fallen in love again with Montana
b) that is one of the reasons I have fallen in love again with Montana
c) that is one of the reasons I had fallen in love again with Montana
d) that is one of the reasons I have felt in love again with Montana
Correct alternative: b) That is one of the reasons I have fallen in love again with Montana
a) WRONG. In the sentence I fell in love again with Montana. (That's one of the reasons I fell in love with Montana again.), the expression fall in love means “fall in love”.
To write it in Present Perfect, it is necessary to follow the structure of this tense: verb I have conjugate in the Simple Present + main verb conjugated in Past Participate.
the inflection of the verb I have at the Simple Present it's correct: have. However, the word fallen does not exist in English, so the sentence is wrong.
O Past Participate of the verb to fall é fallen.
b) CORRECT. In the sentence I fell in love again with Montana. (That's one of the reasons I fell in love with Montana again.), the expression fall in love means “fall in love”.
To follow the structure of the Present Perfect, we must use: verb I have conjugate in the Simple Present + main verb conjugated in Past Participate.
The verb I have has two flexions: has (used with he, she and it) and have (used with I, you, we and they). as the subject of the sentence is I, the flexion to be used is have. O Past Participate of the verb to fall é fallen.
Thus, the phrase in the Present Perfect é: I have fallen in love again with Montana.
c) WRONG. The sentence in alternative c) is grammatically correct. However, the tense used in it is the Past Perfect.
The formation structure of the Past Perfect is: verb I have conjugate in the Simple Past (had) + main verb conjugated in Past Participate.
To follow the structure of the Present Perfect, we must use: verb I have conjugate in the Simple Present + main verb conjugated in Past Participate.
d) WRONG. In the sentence I fell in love again with Montana. (That's one of the reasons I fell in love with Montana again.), the expression fall in love means “fall in love”.
To write it in Present Perfect, it is necessary to follow the structure of this tense: verb I have conjugate in the Simple Present + main verb conjugated in Past Participate.
the inflection of the verb I have at the Simple Present it's correct: have.
However, the word felt is the way of Past Participate of the verb to feel (feel) and not the verb to fall. O Past Participate of the verb to fall é fallen.
5. (CESPE/2015)
They are in there, often unnoticed. The words that have become part of everyday English: Nirvana, pajamas, shampoo and shawl; bungalow, jungle, and loot.
One landmark book records the etymology of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases. Compiled by two India enthusiasts, Henry Yule and Arthur C Burnell, "Hobson-Jobson: The Definitive Glossary of British India" was published in 1886.
The editor of its contemporary edition — which has just been published in paperback — explains how many of the words pre-date British rule. “Ginger, pepper and indigo entered English via ancient routes: they reflect the early Greek and Roman trade with India and come through Greek and Latin into English,” says Kate Teltscher.
India's influence on English points towards how language is perpetually in motion, and highlights the importance of former colonies in the making of the modern world. “It’s so fascinating to look at words,” says Teltscher. “It opens up these unexpected rhythms and paths of travel, and extraordinary, unlikely connections.”
Based on the text How India changed English, judge the following items.
In the excerpt “'Hobson-Jobson: The Definitive Glossary of British India' was published in 1886" (l. 7 and 8), "was published" can be correctly replaced by has been published.
a) right
b) wrong
Correct alternative: b) wrong
In the sentence 'Hobson-Jobson: The Definitive Glossary of British India' was published in 1886. (“Hobson-Jobson: The Ultimate Glossary of British India” was published in 1886), we cannot substitute was published per has been published.
Has been published is a bending of the Present Perfect and therefore cannot be used in conjunction with a specific time reference (in 1886).
The correct answer is alternative b), which states that such substitution is WRONG.
See too: Present Perfect exercises with commented feedback (easy level)
6. (IESES/2014)
Complete the sentence (use the present perfect):
Where's the book I gave you? What _____________ with it?
a) are you doing
b) had you do
c) have you done
d) have you been doing
Correct alternative: c) have you done
The formation structure of the Present Perfectt is: verb I have at the Simple Present + main verb in Past Participate.
a) WRONG. Alternative a) is a grammatically correct structure, but has an inflection of Present Continuous (verb to be + verb ending in -ing), and not from Present Perfect.
b) WRONG. Alternative b) is grammatically incorrect. A question starting with had (Simple Past in I have) needs a main verb inflected in Past Participate.
c) CORRECT. Alternative c) follows the formation structure of the Present Perfect: verb I have at the Simple Present (have) + main verb in Past Participate (done).
d) WRONG. Alternative a) is a grammatically correct structure, but has an inflection of Present Perfect Continuous (verb "to have" + Past Participle + verb ending in -ing), and not from Present Perfect.
7. (CETRO/2015)
What causes hunger?
The World Produces Enough to Feed the Entire Global Population of 7 Billion People. And yet, one person in eight on the planet goes to bed hungry each night. In some countries, one child in three is underweight. Why does hunger exist? There are many reasons for the presence of hunger in the world and they are often interconnected. Here are six that we think are important.
Poverty trap
People living in poverty cannot afford nutritious food for themselves and their families. This makes them weaker and less able to earn the money that would help them escape poverty and hunger. This is not just a day-to-day problem: when children are chronically malnourished, or ‘stunted’, it can affect their future income, condemning them to a life of poverty and hunger. In developing countries, farmers often cannot afford seeds, but they cannot plant the crops that would provide for their families. They may have to cultivate crops without the tools and fertilizers they need. Others have no land or water or education. In short, the poor are hungry and their hunger traps them in poverty.
Lack of investment in agriculture
Too many developing countries lack key agricultural infrastructure, such as enough roads, warehouses and irrigation. The results are high transport costs, lack of storage facilities and unreliable water supplies. All conspire to limit agricultural yields and access to food. Investments in improving land management, using water more efficiently and making more resistant seed types available can bring big improvements. Research by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization shows that investment in agriculture is five times more effective in reducing poverty and hunger than investment in any other sector.
climate and weather
Natural disasters such as floods, tropical storms and long periods of drought are on the increase – with calamitous consequences for the hungry poor in developing countries. Drought is one of the most common causes of food shortages in the world. In 2011, recurrent drought caused crop failures and heavy livestock losses in parts of Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya. In 2012 there was a similar situation in the Sahel region of West Africa. In many countries, climate change is exacerbating already adverse natural conditions. Increasingly, the world's fertile farmland is under threat from erosion, salination and desertification. Deforestation by human hands accelerates the erosion of land which could be used for growing food.
War and displacement
Across the globe, conflicts consistently disrupt farming and food production. Fighting also forces millions of people to flee homes, leading to emergencies as the displaced themselves without the means to feed themselves. The conflict in Syria is a recent example. In war, food sometimes becomes a weapon. Soldiers will starve into submission by seizing or destroying food and livestock and opponent wrecking local markets. Fields are often mined and water wells contaminated, forcing farmers to abandon their land. Ongoing conflict in Somalia and the has contributed significantly to the level of hunger in the two countries. By comparison, hunger is on the retreat in more peaceful parts of Africa such as Ghana and Rwanda.
Unstable markets
In recent years, the price of food products has been very unstable. Roller-coaster food prices make it difficult for the poorest people to access nutritious food consistently. The poor need access to adequate food all year round. Price spikes may temporarily put food out of reach, which may have lasting consequences for small children. When prices rise, consumers often shift to cheaper, less-nutritious foods, heightening the risks of micronutrient deficiencies and other forms of malnutrition.
food waste
One third of all food produced (1.3 billion tons) is never consumed. This food wastage represents a missed opportunity to improve global food security in a world where one in 8 is hungry. Producing this food also uses up precious natural resources that we need to feed the planet. Each year, food that is produced but not eaten guzzles up to a volume of water equivalent to the annual flow of Russia's Volga River. Producing this food also adds 3.3 billion tons of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, with consequences for the climate and, ultimately, for food production.
Choose the alternative that presents a possible correct interrogative form of the sentence below.
“In recent years, the price of food products has been very unstable.”
a) Does the price of food products have been very unstable in recent years?
b) Is the price of food products very unstable in recent years?
c) In recent years, did the price of food products have been very unstable?
d) In recent years, has the price of food products been very unstable?
e) Have the price of food, in recent years, been very unstable?
Correct alternative: d) In recent years, has the price of food products been very unstable?
a) WRONG. Alternative a) does not present a correct interrogative form for the sentence In recent years, the price of food products has been very unstable. (In recent years, the price of food products has been very unstable.)
The verb form of the sentence in the affirmative (has been) is flexed in the Present Perfect.
To make interrogative sentences in the Present Perfect, we must use the verb I have (has) as auxiliary and not the present tense verb (do/does).
from and does are the helpers used to ask questions inflected in the Simple Present, and are not accompanied by another auxiliary verb, but by a main verb.
Letter a) is a grammatically incorrect sentence.
Another indication of incorrectness is the use of a present tense auxiliary (does) with a reference to the past (in recent years).
Therefore, the correctly worded question must use the verb I have at the Simple Present (has) + subject (the price of food products) + Past Participate of the main verb (been):... has the price of food products been...
b) WRONG. Alternative b) does not present a correct interrogative form for the sentence In recent years, the price of food products has been very unstable. (In recent years, the price of food products has been very unstable.)
The verb form of the sentence in the affirmative (has been) is flexed in the Present Perfect.
To make interrogative sentences in the Present Perfect, we must use the verb I have (has/have) as an auxiliary, not the verb to be (am/is/are).
is, am and are are the auxiliaries used to ask questions inflected in Present Continuous, and are not accompanied by another auxiliary verb, but by a main verb inflected in the gerund (-ing).
Letter b) is a grammatically incorrect sentence.
Therefore, the correctly worded question must use the verb I have at the Simple Present (has) + subject (the price of food products) + Past Participate of the main verb (been):... has the price of food products been...
c) WRONG. Alternative c) does not present a correct interrogative form for the sentence In recent years, the price of food products has been very unstable. (In recent years, the price of food products has been very unstable.)
The verb form of the sentence in the affirmative (has been) is flexed in the Present Perfect.
To make interrogative sentences in the Present Perfect, we must use the verb I have (has/have) as an auxiliary and not the past tense (did).
Did is the helper used to ask questions inflected in the Simple Past, and is not accompanied by another auxiliary verb, but by a main verb in the infinitive without the I'm.
Letter c) is a grammatically incorrect sentence.
Therefore, the correctly worded question must use the verb I have at the Simple Present (has) + subject (the price of food products) + Past Participate of the main verb (been):... has the price of food products been...
d) CORRECT. Alternative d) presents the correct interrogative form for the sentence In recent years, the price of food products has been very unstable. (In recent years, the price of food products has been very unstable.)
The verb form of the sentence in the affirmative (has been) is flexed in the Present Perfect.
To make interrogative sentences in the Present Perfect, we must use the verb I have at the Simple Present (has) + subject (the price of food products) + Past Participate of the main verb (been):... has the price of food products been...
e) WRONG. Alternative e) does not present a correct interrogative form for the sentence In recent years, the price of food products has been very unstable. (In recent years, the price of food products has been very unstable.)
The verb form of the sentence in the affirmative (has been) is flexed in the Present Perfect.
The sentence presents a correct structure for the formation of the Present Perfect: verb I have at the Simple Present (has) + subject (the price of food) + Past Participate of the main verb (been). However, the correct form of the verb I have to be used in this sentence is has.
Has is used with the third person singular (he,she and it). As the subject of the sentence in the affirmative is the price of food products (the price of food products), it corresponds to the pronoun it (used for things, objects and animals, among others.)
So, when using the verb form have, alternative e) presents a grammatically incorrect sentence.
Also, note that the subject is incomplete (the price of food rather than the price of food products).
Be sure to check out this selection of content that we have prepared to help you improve your knowledge of the English language.
- Simple Future: training rules, examples and exercises
- difference between will and going to
- Subject Pronouns: rules and exercises
- English text interpretation with feedback (Enem)
- Present Continuous (exercises with commented template)
- Simple Present (exercises with commented feedback)
- Regular and Irregular English Verbs (Exercises with Commented Template)
- Reported speech (exercises with commented feedback)
- Simple Past (exercises with commented feedback)
