Bibliography is the set of works used to support school or academic work. It is fundamental in research work, as it offers greater property to the text.
The bibliography includes written works (from newspapers, magazines, books, articles) and also audio and video works, illustrations, etc. and are indicated at the end of the works in alphabetical order.
There are rules that are intended to guide the right way to make bibliographies, which facilitates the location of works and further research.
In Brazil, the standards are the responsibility of the ABNT - Brazilian Association of Technical Standards.
How to make a bibliography: what to include?
NBR 6023:2002 is the current regulation that guides which elements should be included in the bibliography. The standard contemplates what to do when there is only one author, when there are more authors, how titles and subtitles should appear.
The correct way to indicate the edition, the place it should be placed, details regarding the publisher, date, among others, are other issues that are also covered in this standard.
According to ABNT standards, the bibliography must include:
1. authorship
1.1 With only one author
The author's last name (usually the last one) must be used in capital letters. Then, we add first name and other surnames (abbreviated (s) or not).
Example:
MACAMBIRA, José Rebouças. The Morpho-Syntactic Structure of Portuguese. São Paulo: Pioneer, 2001.
or
MACAMBIRA, José R. The Morpho-Syntactic Structure of Portuguese. São Paulo: Pioneer, 2001.
or
MACAMBIRA, J. A. The Morpho-Syntactic Structure of Portuguese. São Paulo: Pioneer, 2001.
1.1.1 With up to three authors (inclusive)
Author names must be separated by semi-colon and space.
Example:
SARAIVA, A.J.; LOPES, Oscar. History of Portuguese Literature. 17. ed. Porto: Porto Editora, 2001.
1.1.2 With more than three authors
We must put only the name of an author followed by the expression "et al".
Example:
URANI, A. et al. Constitution of a social accounting matrix for Brazil. Brasília: IPEA, 1994.
1.2 Author entity
Works whose authorship is the responsibility of an entity bear the entity's name in full and in capital letters.
Example:
UNIVERSITY OF SAO PAULO. Theses catalog of the University of São Paulo, 1992. São Paulo, 1993.
1.3 Unknown authorship
Works whose authorship is unknown begin with the title in capital letters.
Example:
DIAGNOSIS of the Brazilian publishing sector. São Paulo: Brazilian Book Chamber, 1993.
2. title and subtitle
Titles and subtitles (if any) must be separated by a colon.
1.1 Long
When titles and/or subtitles are long, we can remove the last words signaling this action through ellipses. But, it is necessary to be careful so that its meaning is not altered.
Example:
ART of stealing... Rio de Janeiro: New Frontier, 1992.
1.2 In more than one language
When titles are in more than one language, we use the first one. If we prefer, we can also use the second, putting an equal sign between them.
Example:
SÃO PAULO MEDICAL JOURNAL= JOURNAL OF PAULISTA DE MEDICINA. São Paulo: Associação Paulista de Medicina, 1941-. Bimonthly.
1.3 Untitled
When there is no title, we must use a word or phrase that identifies the document. We do this in square brackets.
Example:
BRAZILIAN AQUACULTURE SYMPOSIUM, 1., 1978, Recife. [Displayed Works]. Rio de Janeiro: Brazilian Academy of Sciences, 1980.
3. Edition
If there is an edition, we must indicate it in number followed by the word "ed".
Example:
BOSI, Alfredo. Concise history of Brazilian literature. 38. ed. São Paulo: Cultrix, 1994.
4. Local
The location is the city where the publication was made.
4.1 Location does not appear
If the location does not appear in the document, but it can be identified, we put that identification in square brackets.
Example:
LAZZARINI NETO, Sylvio. create and recreate. [São Paulo]: SDF Editores, 1994.
5. Publishing company
When indicating the publisher, the first name must be abbreviated. Thus, Editora José Olympio should appear as J. Olympius.
Example:
LIMA, M. have an encounter with God: theology for lay people. Rio de Janeiro: J. Olympio, 1985.
6. Date
We must indicate the year of publication in Arabic numerals (1980, 2000, 2018).
If we do not have a publication date we must use the date of distribution or printing. We can also indicate an approximate date, which must be done in square brackets, according to the standard (source: NBR 6023:2002):
| [1971 or 1972] | one year or another |
| [1969?] | probably date |
| [1973] | right date, not indicated in the item |
| [between 1906 and 1912] | use intervals less than 20 years |
| [here. 1960] | approximate date |
| [197-] | right decade |
| [197-?] | probable decade |
| [18--] | right century |
| [18--?] | probable century |
Example:
FLORENZANO, Everton. Dictionary of similar ideas. Rio de Janeiro: Ediouro, [1993].
Difference between Bibliography and Bibliographic References
It is very important to understand the difference between bibliography and bibliographic references.
THE bibliography brings together the set of works consulted, that is, everything you have read, heard or watched to deepen your knowledge of the topic you have developed or are developing in your work.
If this is the case, you must indicate all works at the end of your work.
But if, in addition to consulting, you also used small excerpts from the works in your work by quoting, you should include the bibliographic references, which are the indication of the authors who transcribed.
Bibliographic references are made each time a citation is inserted and, at the end, the works from which the author's words were taken must also be included in the bibliography.
Now you know:
Bibliography: set of works consulted. It must be entered at the end of the work.
Bibliographic reference: set of works cited. It must be inserted in each citation and, at the end of the work, it must be part of the bibliography.
And Webgraphy?
In addition to the bibliography, nowadays we have a term that is increasingly being used in school and academic works: a webgraphy. This is the collection of sites that were queried during the search.
Unlike the bibliography, the webgraphy indicates the day the page was accessed. It uses the expressions: “available in” and “access in”.
Don't stop there. There are more texts very useful for you:
- ABNT standards: formatting rules for academic papers
- Filing: how to make, types and models
