At conjunctions are grammatical words whose function is gather or relate prayers in the same statement. When there are two or more words with the conjunction function, we say that it is a conjunctive phrase. Conjunctions and conjunctive phrases are intended to join two or more sentences or words together.
This class of words can be divided into conjunctions. subordinate and conjunctions coordinators, and each of these classifications has its subdivisions according to the structure and meaning determined.
Use of conjunctions in prayers
Before we start explaining the conjunctions themselves, it is important to remember the basic concept of clauses. Prayer is a linguistic unit in which a verb or a verbal phrase. Note the following examples:
- Is it over there waited by her friend all afternoon.
- The dog ran away From home. The dog it returned the next day.
In the first example, we only have one clause, as we only have one verb. In the second example, we have two clauses for the number of verbs observed, and not necessarily for the period. However, we can use a conjunction to transform the two statements in the second example into just one:
The dog ran away From home, butit returned the next day.
Follow another example that follows the same line of reasoning, starting with two sentences and two statements and then transforming them into one:
- you if did it hurt. Me knew.
- Me knewwhat you if did it hurt.
In both cases, we have a statement with two clauses, since in each one we have two verbs. The words marked in red are the conjunctions who linked one sentence to another in the same utterance.
However, the conjunction but and the conjunction what they have different classifications: the first is a coordinating conjunction, and the second a subordinate one. Are we going to learn the difference between them?
Read too: Cohesion - textual articulation that can use conjunction as a resource
Coordinating conjunctions
When two sentences are independent of each other and can be completely understood without each other, we say they are coordinated prayers, that is, they are ordered together, although they do not necessarily need to be together. Therefore, coordinating conjunctions are responsible for join these independent prayers in the same statement as in the previous example.
By bringing together independent terms, coordinating conjunctions can join terms smaller than a sentence, as long as they have the same function within the statement. So they can join nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, sentences etc.
→ Classification of coordinating conjunctions
They receive their classification according to the relationship they establish between the terms that are linked by them. It is important to emphasize that the coordinating conjunction does not change with the construction change in a sentence, as it links independent elements.
Coordinating conjunctions can be additive, adversative, alternative, conclusive and explanatory.
→ Additive Coordinating Joints
establish addition relation between clauses or connected terms. As examples of additive conjunctions, we have “and” (for a positive sense), “nor” (for a negative sense), among others.
- was a playful person and active.
- ran and played and he sang.
- was not happy nor sad.
→ Adversative Coordinative Joints
establish oppositional relationship between clauses or connected terms. As examples of adversative conjunctions, we have “but”, “however”, “however”, “however” and “if not” (when it has the meaning of “but”), among others.
- I didn't like him, although he had a good relationship.
- He didn't speak, but screamed desperately.
- I knew a lot of things, Yet was not able to solve that riddle.
→ Alternative Coordinating Joints
establish alternation relationship between clauses or connected terms. This alternation may concern the incompatibility or equivalence between them. As an example of alternative conjunctions we have the “or”. Depending on the context, we also have the alternative conjunctions “already”, “well”, “maybe”, “now”, among others. They may or may not appear repeated between the terms they link.
- let's solve this or we don't meet anymore.
- Now was interested, now it was scattered.
- Perhaps the fruit is ripe, perhaps is still green.
Although it is not a consensus among grammarians, some still consider two more types of coordinating conjunctions: conclusive and explanatory.
→ Conclusive Coordinating Joints
establish completion relationship between clauses or connected terms. As examples of additive conjunctions, we have "because", "therefore", "therefore", "thus", "then", among others.
- I left home late, soon, I missed the flight.
- I was very greedy, then, there was no food left.
- The sky was very dark, therefore, it was going to rain.
→ Coordinative explanatory conjunctions
Establish a relationship of explanation between clauses or connected terms. As examples of additive conjunctions, we have "because", "because", "because", "that", among others.
- She drank all the water, why I was very thirsty.
- I loved the summer, because she always went to the beach.
- I was a very shy child, for how much the whole family was like that.
To learn more about how to use and what classifications these conjunctions are, go to: Coordinating conjunctions.
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Subordinate conjunctions
When we have a clause being dependent on another, that is, when a clause depends on another to be understood, we say that it is a subordinate clause to another (which becomes the main one). So the conjunction that link the subordinate clause to the main clause it's called a subordinate conjunction.
Classification of subordinate conjunctions
Subordinate conjunctions can be integral or adverbial.
At integrating subordinate conjunctions initiate substantive clauses, which are those that have, in relation to the main clause, the function of subject, direct object, indirect object, predicative, bet, passive agent or nominal complement. We have as examples “what” and “if”.
- it was only possible if you were there.
- they would like what everything was perfect.
Read too: Differences between the subjective subordinate and the direct objective
At adverbial subordinative conjunctions, in turn, introduce subordinate clauses adverbials and are subdivided into causal, comparative, concessive, conditional, conformative, consecutive, final, modal, proportional, temporal and integral.
→ Causal subordinative conjunctions
start prayers with cause relation, reason of the main prayer. They are causal subordinate conjunctions "what", "because", "how", among others.
Like he had not studied, he did poorly on the test.
→ Comparative Subordinate conjunctions
Begin prayers with comparison relation with the main prayer. They can establish a relationship of equality, superiority or inferiority. They are comparative subordinate conjunctions “how”, “which”, “more than”, “less than”, among others.
- Show your knowledge like a peacock displaying its tail.
- cooking is better than Ask for food.
- drew something any less shocking than she used to.
→ concessive subordinative conjunctions
Start prayers that show obstacle for the ideas of the main clause. They are concessive subordinate conjunctions “although”, “although”, “although”, “although”, among others.
- I loved dancing, even if didn't listen to music very often.
→ Conditional Subordinate Conjunctions
Begin prayers that express necessary conditions to carry out what is stated in the main clause or fact (real or supposed) that contradicts what was expressed in the main prayer. As examples, we have “if”, “case”, “without that”, “since”, “as long as”, among others.
- if it's very sunny, let's go for a walk.
- we will stay at home unless shine.
→ Conformative Subordinate Conjunctions
Begin prayers that express conformity with the main prayers. They are conformative conjunctions “as”, “according”, “second”, among others.
- we went running in the morning according we had agreed.
→ Consecutive subordinate conjunctions
Begin prayers that are consequence of what was expressed in the main prayers. As examples, we have “so much that”, “as such”, among others.
- she trained so much during all those years, whatwon the championship.
→ Final subordinative conjunctions
Begin prayers that are goal of what was described in the main clause. Examples are “to”, “in order to”, among others.
- She trained a lot during all those years for win the championship.
→ Modal subordinative conjunctions
Begin prayers that express the way in which it was carried out the fact expressed in the main clause. Examples are “without that”, “so that”, among others.
- could not introduce herself without what rehearsed a lot.
→ Proportional subordinative conjunctions
Begin prayers that express something that occurs, increases or decreases in the same proportion of what is expressed in the main clause. Examples are “as”, “as much”, “how much more”, “how much less”, among others.
- How much more nervous was, any less could speak.
- Was So good leader how much your father.
→ Temporal subordinative conjunctions
Begin prayers that express the time in relation to what is said in the main clause. They may have previous, posterior, frequent (ie, repeated) and concomitant time relationships. As examples we have "before", "first than", "after", "when", "as soon as", "since", "whenever", "whenever", "while", among others .
- didn't say anything before finish the duty.
- Afterhe ate, went to exercise.
- The door opens automatically whenever someone comes close.
- While it was raining, he read the text carefully.
It is worth remembering that some subordinate conjunctions, such as “that”, “how”, “because”, “if”, among others, may belong to more than one grammatical class. In this case, attention is needed, as their value depends on the context in which they are inserted, which is subject to ambiguity.
To go deeper into the uses and meanings of these conjunctions, access our text: Subordinate conjunction.
solved exercises
question 1
(Copeve-Ufal - 2010 - Couple - Lawyer) In which period the if is it an integral conjunction?
a) Parachutist if prepares to break the sound barrier with stratosphere jump.
b) A common fabric would catch fire if directly exposed to this radiation.
c) You know-if also that maternal nutrition can have an impact on the child's chance of developing cancer.
d) Marilyn Monroe died tragically at the age of 36, victim of an overdose of medications that is still unknown to this day. if it was intentional, accidental, or caused by some mysterious political conspiracy.
e) Don't talk too fast. if your diction is not good, no one will understand what you say.
Resolution
Alternative d, because the if underlined starts the substantive subordinate clause of the main clause “not known”. In alternatives b and e, if it is a conditional conjunction. In alternatives a and c, if it is not conjunction.
By Guilherme Viana
Portuguese teacher
a) With regard to the highlighted terms, explain the relationship of meaning established by them, in view of the fact that they are classified among the class represented by the conjunctions.
b) Is the discursive purpose adequate to the genre in focus? Comment.
Analyze the pairs of statements, connecting them immediately afterwards through a coordinated conjunction that suits the context.
a – There are several social injustices. We cannot give up fighting for a more egalitarian world.
b – Your choices will make all the difference in the future. He proceeds towards the achievement of his ideals.
c – Only two options were left to him. He would continue to withhold information, or he would reveal every secret to the family.
d – We did not attend the meeting. We were running tests on future contributors.
e – Try to apologize to your friends. Then invite them to a nice program.
