German physicist born in Köslin, Prussia, now Koszalin, Poland, one of the founders of the science of modern thermodynamics. Son of a pastor and professor, he studied at the universities of Berlin and Halle. He presented an article correcting Carnot's caloric theory, bringing it closer to Joule's work, demonstrating that heat was not a fluid but a form. of energy, that is, formulating the second principle of thermodynamics and making an important contribution to the development of the kinetic theory of gases (1850). He was (1855-1888) successively professor at the Polytechnic Institute in Zurich and at the universities of Würzburg and Bonn. From Carnot's theorem, he defined the new quantity: entropy (1865). He died in Bonn, Germany, leaving behind a theory of electrolysis that in part anticipated the ionic theory of Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius.
Picture copied from the TURNBULL WWW SERVER website:
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/
Source: http://www.dec.ufcg.edu.br/biografias/
Order R - Biography - Brazil School
Source: Brazil School - https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/biografia/rudolf-julius-emmanuel.htm