Verb: learn all about verbs

You verbsare the word class which indicates actions, events or states. They flex according to:

the number (singular or plural);
the person (1st, 2nd or 3rd person);
the time (past, present or future);
the mode (indicative, subjunctive or imperative);
the voice (active, passive or reflective);

Read too: Adjectives - class of words that characterize the names

What is a verb?

The verb is a grammatical class that expresses actions and events, states or natural phenomena, according to the subject who executes the verb and the time in which the action was performed.

verbal structure

The verb has, in its structure, three usual parts:

the radical;
The thematic vowel;
the ending.

Note the following three verbs:

cantTher – sellandr – partir

Radical it is the part that gives rise to the verb and, therefore, it usually does not change during inflections.
Thematic vowel refers to vowel that comes right after the radical. Verbs can be of 1st conjugation (thematic vowel The, ending in -ar), of 2nd conjugation (thematic vowel and, ending in -er) or of 3rd conjugation (thematic vowel i, ending in –ir).

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Ending it is the final part, which expresses the tense and person of the verb.

See how, in conjugations, the radical tends to stay the same, while the ending changes, that is, it inflects according to the conjugation (the thematic vowel may or may not disappear depending on the conjugation):

cantThemos – sellwere going – partiu

But what defines the inflection of the verb?

Read too:Ten Portuguese tips about verbs

verbal flexion

Verbs inflect according to number, person, mood, tense, and voice.

Regarding the number, we can have the subject in the singular or in the plural. The subject can also be 1st, 2nd or 3rd person, with the 1st being the one who speaks, the 2nd being spoken to and the 3rd being the one who does not fit into the two previous categories.

number	people
singular	1°	me
2°	you
3°	he/she
plural	1°	we
2°	you
3°	they

verbal modes

You verbal manners express the relation of the person who speaks in relation to the fact given by the verb.

O mode indicative express assurance in relation to the fact, which is or will be given as real.
The way subjunctive express assumption, possibility or doubt for a fact which is not given as real yet or which cannot be given as real.
The way imperative expresses a order, an requirement or one request that is expected to be accomplished.

Verb tenses

The tense indicates when the action takes place in relation to the utterance, which can be essentially past/past tense (before the utterance), present (along with the utterance) and future (after the utterance). Verb tenses are different according to the verb mood. Look:

→ Verb tenses in indicative mode

Gift: action occurs at the time of speech.
Past perfect tense: action occurred in a moment before the speech.
Imperfect past tense: action occurred at a time before the speech, but it stopped happening.
More-than-perfect past tense: action will occur at a time before another action that has already taken place at a time before the speech. It's the past from the past.
Future of the present: action will occur at a time after speech.
Future of past tense: action would occur at a time after another action that has already taken place in the past, but both before the time of speech. It's the future of the past.

→ Verbal tenses of the subjunctive mode

Gift: guess of what the action occur.
Imperfect past tense: hypothesis of how it would be if the action occur.
Future of the present: hypothesis of When the action to occur.

→ Verbal tense in the imperative way

Gift: since it is an order, the imperative is only conjugated in the present. Ex.: Knife something!

Read too:What are the characteristics of the subjunctive mode?

verbal voices

At verbal voices manifest the subject's relationship with the expressed action.

Active voice: the subject practice the action of the verb. E.g.: John combed Mary.
passive voice: the action of the verb is suffered by the subject. E.g.: John it was combed by Mary.
reflective voice: the subject practice and suffer the action of the verb at the same time. E.g.: John ifcombed.

Verb conjugation

As we have seen, the verb can be conjugated according to the subject (number and person), the mood, the tense and the verbal voice. See some conjugations:

Indicative
Gift
Sing	Sell	Leave
Me	Corner	seeing	childbirth
You	sings	sell	parts
he/she	sings	sell	Part
We	we sing	we sell	we leave
You	Cantals	sell	Partis
They	sing	sell	depart
Past Imperfect
Sing	Sell	Leave
Me	sang	sold	departed
You	sang	sold	Parts
he/she	sang	sold	departed
We	we sang	we sold	we left
You	singables	sell	Partitions
They	they sang	sold	departed
Past Perfect
Sing	Sell	Leave
Me	I sang	sold	I left
You	sang	sold	departed
he/she	Sang	sold	Left
We	we sing	we sell	we leave
You	you sang	you sold	parties
They	sang	sold	departed
Past-more-than-perfect
Sing	Sell	Leave
Me	sing	sell	departed
You	sings	sell	broken
he/she	sing	sell	departed
We	we sang	we will sell	we left
You	Singing	sell	you will leave
They	sang	sold	departed
future of the present
Sing	Sell	Leave
Me	I will sing	I will sell	I will leave
You	sing	you will sell	you will leave
he/she	will sing	will sell	will leave
We	we will sing	we will sell	we will leave
You	sing	will sell	you will leave
They	sing	will sell	will leave
Past Future
Sing	Sell	Leave
Me	stonework	sell	would leave
You	stonework	sales	Partiries
he/she	stonework	sell	would leave
We	we would sing	we would sell	we would leave
You	singsong	sell	partirie
They	sing	would sell	would leave
Subjunctive
Gift
Sing	Sell	Leave
Me	sing	Sale	leave
You	sing	Sales	Parts
he/she	sing	Sale	leave
We	let's sing	sell	let's leave
You	Cantels	blindfolds	Partials
They	sing	sell	depart
Past Perfect
Sing	Sell	Leave
Me	sing	sell	left
You	sings	you sold	Parts
he/she	sing	sell	left
We	let's sing	sell	let us leave
You	Cantasses	sellable	Partisiles
They	sing	sell	departed
Future
Sing	Sell	Leave
Me	Sing	Sell	Leave
You	singing	sell	leave
he/she	Sing	Sell	Leave
We	sing	sell	we leave
You	Cantares	sell	depart
They	sing	sell	depart

classification of verbs

the verbs are Classified according to its flexion.

Regular verbs follow the model pattern of inflection, in which the stem does not change and the ending changes according to the elements we saw earlier. Ex.: singing, selling, leaving.
Irregular verbs tend to follow the standard model, but with some conjugations that depart from that model. These are cases in which the radical can be changed eventually during one or another conjugation. E.g.: giving, fitting, listening.
anomalous verbs: some grammarians consider verbs with more than one stem as anomalous (making them have no defined pattern in the conjugations), while others consider any verb that does not have a defined pattern to be anomalous (without necessarily having more than a radical). E.g.: be, go.
defective verbs they are those that cannot be combined in all forms, times and persons. E.g.: go bankrupt, color.
abundant verbs have more than one equivalent form for the same conjugation in certain cases. E.g.: deliver (delivered and delivered), pay (paid and paid), have (haves and hemos).

Read too:Impersonal verbs - verb forms that do not have a subject

Nominal forms

At nominal forms they do not express the tense (past, present or future) nor the mode (indicative, subjunctive or imperative), depending on the context in which they appear. They can even perform the function of name (noun) instead of verb in certain contexts.

Infinitive: it is the verbal act itself and can be used as a noun. Ex.: singing, selling, leaving.
Gerund: it is the actual verbal act and can be used as an adverb or adjective. E.g.: singing, selling, leaving.
Participle: it is the verbal act as a result and can be used as an adjective. E.g.: played, sold, broken.

verbal phrases

verbal phrases are the combining an auxiliary verb with a main verb, that is, two or more verbs together. The main verb remains in its nominal form, with the auxiliary verb being conjugated according to the appropriate tense and mood.

Verbs are words that can be inflected in different ways.

solved exercises

Question 1 – (Cespe/Cebraspe)

How not to use your cell phone

(1) It is easy to make fun of cell phone owners.

But it is necessary to find out which of the five categories they

belong. First come the physically disabled people,

(4) even if your disability is not visible, you are required to

constant contact with the doctor or the emergency room.

Then come those who, due to serious professional duties,

(7) are required to run in any emergency (captains of the

fire brigade, doctors, organ transplanters). In

Third, come the adulterers. Only now do they have the

(10) possibility to receive calls from your secret partner without

which family members, secretaries or malicious colleagues

can intercept the phone call.

(13) All three categories listed so far

deserve our respect: in the case of the first two, we

we care to be disturbed in restaurants or during a

(16) funeral ceremony, and adulterers tend to be very discreet.

Two other categories follow that, on the contrary,

pose a risk. The first is made up of people

(19) unable to go anywhere if they don't have the possibility

to talk small talk about frivolities with friends and

relatives who have just parted ways. They bother us,

(22) but we need to understand its terrible interior dryness,

thank you for not being in your shoes and finally forgive.

The last category is made up of concerned people.

(25) to show in public how much they are requested, especially

for complex business queries: conversations

that we are forced to listen to at airports or restaurants

(28) deal with monetary transactions, delays in delivering profiles

metallics and other things that, in the speaker's understanding,

give the impression that this is a real Rockefeller.

(31) What they don't know is that Rockefeller doesn't need

cell phone, because it has such a roster of secretaries

vast and efficient that, at best, if your grandfather is dying,

(34) for example, someone comes and whispers something to you in the

heard. The powerful man is just the one who is not

thank you to answer all calls, quite the opposite:

(37) is never for anyone, as they say.

Therefore, everyone who wears a cell phone as

symbol of power, in fact, is publicly declaring its

(40) irreparable condition of subordinate, thank you for putting yourself

standing at attention, even when engaged in a

hug, any time the boss calls you.

Umberto Eco. The second minimum diary. Sergio Flaksman (Trans.). Rio de Janeiro: Record, 1993, p. 194-6 (with adaptations).

Based on the ideas and structures of Umberto Eco's text, judge the following items.

The infinitive verb forms "ir" (1.19), "talk" (1.20), and "separate" (1.21) could correctly assume the following inflected forms, respectively: irem; talk; separate.

( ) Right

( ) Wrong

Resolution

Wrong. Nominal forms remain uninflected as they are in the infinitive.

Question 2 – (Cespe/Cebraspe)

Regarding the text presented above, judge the item

The words "printed" (L.8) and "delivered" (L.15) are irregular participles of the verbs print and deliver, respectively; such verbs also admit the regular participle forms: imprinted and delivered.