It is known that the divisions of historical periods between ages (Old,Medieval,Modern and contemporary) were adopted by nineteenth-century historians after events such as the French Revolution and the formation of Statesnationals in Europe and other regions of the world.
Generally speaking, the Ancient Age comprises a period that extends, approximately, from 4000 BC. Ç. to 476 d. C., date when the last western Roman emperor was deposed, Romulusaugust. This temporal arc that frames the period of Antiquity is conventionally guided by the flourishing and heyday of the civilizations that developed in Europe and the Middle East, that is, the civilizations of Mesopotamia, of EgyptOld one, the peoples Hebrews, The GreeceOld and the PomegranateOld.
The other ancient civilizations, such as the Persian, The chinese, a indian, the various kingdomsAfricans, you germans,vikings, etc., appear in the school contents in an adjacent way, insofar as they appear related to the civilizations mentioned in the previous paragraph. Let's look at some of the peculiarities of the most commonly discussed civilizations:
Mesopotamia: In the region known as Mesopotamia (name meaning "Land between Rivers"), where the Iraq and the Syria, several civilizations developed. Themes concerning the study of Mesopotamia refer to all of them, from the Sumerians and Akkadians to the Chaldeans, Assyrians and Babylonians. Aspects related to the cultural heritage of these peoples should also be highlighted, such as the Code of Hammurabi.
Ancient Egypt: The content of EgyptOld one brings together themes related to the vast history of Egyptian civilization, which, by convention, is a debt between High, Medium and LowEmpire. In addition to organizing the content according to the chronology of the main events, it is important that the various peculiarities of the Egyptians, such as the hieroglyphic writing and the Pyramids of the Giza Valley.
Hebrews: You Hebrews they are among the peoples of the Middle East who have not developed an empire with expansionist characteristics (such as the Phoenicians and the Persians), but which came to have a period of monarchical institutions whose most famous representatives were the kings David and Solomon. But other aspects permeate the history of the Hebrews: the stage of organization into patriarchies, the captivity in Babylon and Egypt, the prophets, the psalmist and apocalyptic literature, among many others aspects.
Ancient Greece: what is meant by GreeceOld, in fact, is a group of city-states that organized their own systems of social and political life in the Balkan Peninsula and in the Anatolia region, both bathed by the Aegean Sea. Among these city-states were Athens, Sparta and Thebes, considered the most powerful. From the interaction and wars between these city-states, many characteristics were articulated, and a good part of them became part of European civilization.
Ancient Rome: the Roman civilization, or PomegranateOld, developed in the Italian Peninsula from the Latin peoples, who settled in that region. Civilization achieved a level of expansion and imperial organization unprecedented in antiquity. But before becoming an empire, Rome organized itself through the model of the Republic (a model developed by the Romans themselves).
By Me. Cláudio Fernandes
Source: Brazil School - https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/historiag/civilizacoes.htm