20 Questions of Sociology that fell in Enem

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The Sociology test at Enem addresses some topics in the area such as: society, culture, citizenship, movements social, politics, state and government, scientific and industrial revolution, contemporary society and theories sociological.

question 1

(Enem/2017) Art. 231. The Indians are recognized for their social organization, customs, languages, beliefs and traditions, and their original rights on the lands they traditionally occupy, it being up to the Union to demarcate, protect and ensure respect for all their assets.

BRAZIL. Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of 1988. Available at: www.planalto.gov.br. Accessed on: April 27 2017.

The persistence of claims related to the application of this normative precept has in view the fundamental historical link between

A) ethnicity and racial miscegenation.
B) society and legal equality.
C) space and cultural survival.
D) progress and environmental education.
E) well-being and economic modernization.

Correct alternative: C) space and cultural survival.

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In the Constitution, the right to territory (space) is presented as being necessary for the cultural survival of indigenous peoples.

The loss of the right to territory is understood as a risk to the “social organization, customs, languages, beliefs and traditions” specific to different groups.

Protecting the culture of different ethnic groups requires protecting their territory. The extinction of ties with the land of origin can cause the loss of customs and traits that underlie the culture of these indigenous groups.

The other alternatives are wrong because:

A) The passage taken from the Federal Constitution does not refer to racial miscegenation as a beneficial or harmful factor to indigenous ethnic groups. This relationship, therefore, is not the objective of the claims that use this passage as a basis.
B) It is necessary to realize that a vision of society and legal equality may not take into account the special characteristics related to indigenous ethnic groups. For there to be justice, it is necessary that certain groups can have their specificities respected and respect for differences ensured.
D) The idea of ​​progress and environmental education may or may not be related to respect for cultural diversity. In the text, the regulation of this bond is not in question.
E) What is presented in the passage extracted from the Constitution is not intended to establish itself as a normative precept to the relationship between well-being and economic modernization.

Economic modernization, and even the idea of ​​well-being, must respect indigenous rights.

question 2

(Enem/2017) The concept of democracy, in Habermas' thought, is constructed from a procedural dimension, based on discourse and deliberation. Democratic legitimacy requires that the political decision-making process takes place from a broad public discussion, and only then decides. Thus, the deliberative character corresponds to a collective process of pondering and analysis, permeated by the discourse, which precedes the decision.

VITALE, D. Jürgen Habermas, modernity and deliberative democracy. CRH Notebooks (UFBA), v. 19, 2006 (adapted).

The concept of democracy proposed by Jürgen Habermas can favor social inclusion processes. According to the text, it is a condition for this to happen the (a)

A) periodic direct citizen participation.
B) free and rational debate between citizens and the State.
C) dialogue between government powers.
D) election of political leaders with temporary mandates.
E) control of political power by more enlightened citizens.

Correct alternative: B) free and rational debate between citizens and the State.

Habermas's Thought is marked by the so-called deliberative democracy. In it, the free and rational debate between citizens and the State would establish the necessary bases for participation and citizenship.

The other alternatives are wrong because:

A) Citizen participation is a concern with regard to the legitimacy of the State. However, for the author, this participation is continuous, it does not happen in specific periods.
C) For Habermas, democracy is based on people's power through collective deliberation in all State decisions. Thus, it is not based on the interlocution between the powers of the government.
D) Habermas proposes that the broad debate be held publicly, and not as a reinforcement of democracy representative, in which only elected politicians are responsible for defending the interests of their voters.
E) The author proposes the clarification of citizens so that everyone can act critically and not a sophocracy (a government of the wisest).

question 3

(Enem/2017) The participation of women in the political decision process is still extremely limited in practically all countries, regardless of the economic and social regime and the institutional structure in force in each one. their. It is a public and notorious fact, in addition to being empirically proven, that women are in general underrepresented in the organs of power, as the proportion never corresponds to the relative weight of this part of the population.

TABAK, F. Public women: political participation and power. Rio de Janeiro: Letter Capital, 2002.

Within the scope of the Brazilian Legislative Power, the attempt to reverse this situation of under-representation has involved the implementation, by the State, of

A) laws to combat domestic violence.
B) gender quotas in party candidacies.
C) political mobilization programs in schools.
D) advertisements to encourage conscious voting.
E) financial support to female leaders.

Correct alternative: B) gender quotas in party candidacies.

Gender quotas in elections are a compensatory policy that aims to democratize access to positions traditionally held by men.

The other alternatives are wrong because:

A) Laws to combat domestic violence aim to repair another effect of a culture centered on the male figure. Studies show that violence against women is based on the cultural development that traditionally sought to subordinate women in relation to men.

Brazil has a low female representation in the government. In the ranking, based on a 2019 UN report on women's participation in government, Brazil is in 149th place among 188 countries. The participation of women in politics is approximately 9%, which is a very contrasting number in relation to the population, which is made up of around 52% of women.
C) Political mobilization in schools, despite its importance for the politicization of students, does not guarantee democratization and female participation in politics.
D) Conscious voting incentive programs are also part of the resolution of the issue, but do not directly affect female participation.
E) The Brazilian State does not have this type of program.

question 4

(Enem/2016) Deliberative democracy states that the parties to the political conflict must deliberate among themselves and, through reasonable argument, try to reach an agreement on policies that is satisfactory for all. Activist democracy distrusts exhortations to deliberation because it believes that, in the real world of politics, where structural inequalities influence procedures and results, democratic processes that appear to meet the norms of deliberation generally tend to benefit the most powerful actors. She therefore recommends that those concerned with promoting more justice should primarily carry out the activity. of critical opposition, rather than trying to come to terms with those who sustain existing power structures or benefits.

YOUNG, I. M. Activist challenges to deliberative democracy Revista Brasileira de Ciência Politica, n. 13, Jan-Apr. 2014.

The conceptions of deliberative democracy and activist democracy presented in the text treat as essential, respectively,

A) majority decision and standardization of rights.
B) the organization of elections and the anarchist movement.
C) reaching consensus and mobilizing minorities.
D) the fragmentation of participation and civil disobedience.
E) the imposition of resistance and the monitoring of freedom.

Correct alternative: C) reaching consensus and mobilizing minorities.

Obtaining consensus seems to be the great aim of deliberative democracy. However, for Iris Marion Young, consensus can be a tool to exclude minorities. The traditional way of perceiving consensus within democracies tends to make it impossible for certain changes arising from the struggles of minority groups.

The other alternatives are wrong because:

A) In the text, the author states that deliberative democracy based on majority decision tends to present itself as a tool for maintaining power covered with a democratic appearance.

Thus, the standardization of rights would impose on minorities an unfair adjustment to the status quo.

B) Deliberative democracy goes far beyond the mere organization of elections, it proposes political debate about the decisions to be taken. On the other hand, activist democracy is not necessarily inscribed in an anarchist movement. It is intended as a way of critical opposition to the current system, with a view to social justice.

With this, the author intends that, through the mobilization of minorities within activist democracy, it is a way to achieve social justice.

D) Although civil disobedience has historically served as a tool for negotiation and brought to the In light of the deliberations on some sensitive issues, the fragmentation of participation tends to perpetuate power current. Fragmented and disorganized participation does not find the power to mobilize the desired changes.

E) Both the idea of ​​imposition of any kind and the idea of ​​monitoring freedom hurt the principles democratic structures built on a basis that values ​​the autonomy of individuals and their right to freedom organization.

question 5

(Enem/2018) The tribe does not have a king, but a chief who is not a head of state. What does that mean? Simply that the boss has no authority, no coercive power, no means of giving an order. The chief is not a commander, the people of the tribe have no duty of obedience. The leadership space is not the place of power. Essentially tasked with eliminating conflicts that may arise between individuals, families and lineages, the chief only has, to restore order and harmony, the prestige that recognizes his society. But of course prestige does not mean power, and the means that the chief has to carry out his task of peacemaker is limited to the exclusive use of the word.

CLASTRES, P. Society against the State. Rio de Janeiro. Francisco Alves, 1982 (adapted).

The political model of the societies discussed in the text contrasts with that of the liberal bourgeois state because it is based on:

A) Ideological imposition and hierarchical norms.
B) Divine determination and monarchical sovereignty.
C) Consensual intervention and community autonomy.
D) Legal mediation and contractual rules.
E) Collective management and tax obligations.

Correct alternative: C) Consensual intervention and community autonomy.

The tribe is managed in a way that respects the autonomy of its individuals. The possible interventions of the chief are carried out by recognizing him as an individual of knowledge, but he does not have a legislative character.

The other alternatives are wrong because:

A) Ideological imposition and hierarchical norms are not part of the social characteristics presented in the text.

This is clear in the excerpt "(...) the boss has no authority, no coercive power, no means of giving an order."

B) There is no reference in the text to the divine determination of the role of the king. On the contrary, it states that the chief of the tribe does not act as king, differing from the conception present in the absolutist monarchy.

On the other hand, the liberal bourgeois state is characterized by the representation of laws and their normative aspect.

D) The concept of legal mediation presupposes the existence of a State, denied by the text.

E) Although there may be a collective management of social life, the text does not mention any type of obligation of individuals towards the community.

question 6

(Enem/2016) The more complicated industrial production became, the more numerous the elements of the industry that required guaranteed supply. Three of them were of fundamental importance: work, land and money. In a commercial company, this supply could only be organized in one way: by making them available for purchase. Now they had to be organized for sale on the market. This was in line with the requirement of a market system. We know that in such a system, profits can only be ensured if self-regulation is guaranteed through interdependent competitive markets.

POLANYI, K. The Great Transformation: The Origins of Our Time. Rio de Janeiro: Campus, 2000 (Adapted).

The consequence of the socioeconomic transformation process addressed in the text is the

A) expansion of communal lands.
B) limitation of the market as a means of speculation.
C) consolidation of the workforce as a commodity.
D) decrease in trade as an effect of industrialization.
E) adequacy of money as a standard element of transactions.

Correct alternative: C) consolidation of the workforce as a commodity.

With the industrialization process, all elements of production become property and are priced. Likewise, the workforce is understood and priced according to market rules, consolidating itself as a commodity.

The other alternatives are wrong because:

A) In the text, the author draws attention to the change that took place in the industrialization process and the establishment of a market economy. In this context, there is no expansion of common lands, which refer to the feudal period.

B) The brand of the period is just the opposite, being the great expansion of the market and not its limitation.

D) Industrialization tends to expand trade relations, not diminish.

E) In the text, it states that even money must be adapted to the new productive context.

question 7

(Enem/2016) Today, the cultural industry has taken on the civilizational heritage of democracy from pioneers and entrepreneurs, who also had not developed a finesse of meaning for spiritual deviations. Everyone is free to dance and have fun, just as, since the historical neutralization of religion, they are free to join any of the many sects. But the freedom of choice of ideology, which always reflects economic coercion, reveals itself in all sectors as the freedom to choose what is always the same thing.

ADORNO, T HORKHEIMER, M. Dialectics of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1985.

The freedom of choice in Western civilization, according to the analysis of the text, is a (a)

A) social legacy.
B) political heritage.
C) product of morality.
D) conquest of humanity.
E) illusion of contemporaneity.

Correct alternative: E) illusion of contemporaneity.

For the authors, individuals have their lives co-opted by the cultural industry. This affects the whole way of life, dehumanizes individuals and transforms them into devices for the maintenance of the system.
This constant coercion tends to be softened or camouflaged by the illusion of freedom. Coercion does not occur by limiting individual actions as in other historical periods, but by controlling the possibilities of choice.
Individuals are free to choose between standards of living previously determined by the system.

The other alternatives are wrong because:

A) Freedom of choice does not present itself as a social legacy as it was an appropriation of a ruling class.
This class inscribes within its ideology the choices to be made, generating a false sense of freedom.

B) Politics presents itself as a field of ideological dispute between the dominant ideology (hegemony) and actions that perform an antagonistic force (counter-hegemony). Freedom of choice may be conditioned to this dispute, not as an asset, but as a moment.

C) Morality itself, as well as freedom, is conditioned to the current structure by its cultural character. Moral is a construction based on the habit (customs) of a culture at a time.
For the authors, morality should be guided by freedom and not the other way around.

D) Humanity has developed in order to prioritize economic activity. Thus, freedom is subordinated to economic relations. The choices made by the subjects are restricted to their ability to consume.

question 8

(Enem 2013) Social life without internet?

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The cartoon reveals a criticism of the media, especially the internet, because

A) questions the integration of people in virtual relationship networks.
B) considers social relationships as less important than virtual ones.
C) extols man's claim to be everywhere at the same time.
D) accurately describes human societies in the globalized world.
E) sees the computer network as the most effective space for building social relationships.

Correct alternative: A) questions the integration of people in virtual relationship networks.

The relationships in the world today take place in two ways: offline (traditional relationships based on coexistence, and online (relationships and interactions mediated by social networks on the internet). The cartoon questions the overvaluation of online relationships over offline life.

The new interaction possibilities do not replace the previous ones. There needs to be an educational work so that people can, in fact, appropriate the new tools in a conscious and critical way.

The other alternatives are wrong because:

B) In fact, the criticism presented in the strip is the opposite of this alternative, which says that social interactions are also very important.

The relationships established in a virtual environment are a new reality and compose a new social scenario. However, it is important to understand the multidimensional character of human relationships, without sublimating one form of relationship to the detriment of the other.

C) Under the pretense of being everywhere at the same time, individuals may be restricted to acting in the virtual world. The online space of human life is characterized, in addition to the speed of information exchange, by the mediation and control by large companies and a strong appeal to consumption.

D) Society in the globalized world has a multidimensional character, it is not limited to online and offline relationships.

E) One of the new challenges imposed on society is related to the balance between acting in the network and outside it. It is necessary to realize that it is a moment of transition to a new perspective. Thus, it is necessary to be aware of which new developments truly represent an advance and which may be just “side effects” that must be controlled.

question 9

(Enem/2016) Sociology has not yet surpassed the era of philosophical constructions and syntheses. Instead of taking on the task of shedding light on a restricted portion of the social field, she prefers to seek the brilliant generalities in which all questions are raised without any being expressly treated. It is not with summary examinations and through quick intuitions that it is possible to discover the laws of such a complex reality. Above all, generalizations that are sometimes so broad and so hasty are not susceptible to any kind of proof.

DURKHEIM, E. Suicide: study of sociology. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2000.

The text expresses Émile Durkheim's effort to build a sociology based on

A) link with philosophy as unified knowledge.
B) gathering of intuitive insights for demonstration.
C) formulation of subjective hypotheses about social life.
D) adherence to research patterns typical of natural sciences.
E) incorporation of knowledge fueled by political engagement.

Correct alternative: D) adherence to research patterns typical of the natural sciences.

For Durkheim, the scientific method must be the same, regardless of the area of ​​expertise. Social facts (things) must be analyzed with the same detachment and impartiality as the objects of study in the natural sciences.

The other alternatives are wrong because:

A) What Durkheim intends is, precisely, the separation of knowledge from sociology, from philosophical knowledge. For him, the validity of sociology depends on its independence from other knowledge.

B) Sociology is a science based on empirical data and methods for its analysis.

C) Social facts must be studied objectively. Objects of study in the social sciences should be treated similarly to objects in other sciences.

E) For the author, sociology as a science has the obligation to be impartial. Therefore, political engagement, due to its partiality, would make a scientific construction project unfeasible.

question 10

(Enem/2017) Morality, Bentham urged, is not a matter of pleasing God, much less of fidelity to abstract rules. Morality is the attempt to create as much happiness as possible in this world. In deciding what to do, we should therefore ask which course of conduct would promote the greatest amount of happiness for all who will be affected.

RACHELS, J. The elements of moral philosophy. Barueri-SP: Manole, 2006.

The action parameters indicated in the text conform to a

A) scientific foundation with a positivist bias.
B) social convention of normative orientation.
C) religious behavioral transgression.
D) pragmatic rationality.
E) inclination of a passionate nature.

Correct alternative: D) pragmatic rationality.

Enlightenment ideals bring with them rationality and Reason as a revolutionary or negating force to the medieval perspective of submitting reason to faith.

The English thinker Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), defender of utilitarianism, proposes that rationality is anchored in its relationship with practice and utility, reinforcing the pragmatic character of reason.

The other alternatives are wrong because:

A) The positivist view presupposes the possibility of a scientific method for the validity of a process. The text takes happiness as its fundamental value.

Happiness does not tend to be a value that can be quantified through a method, but rather from the standpoint of opposition to suffering. Therefore, we cannot associate a positivist view with the idea of ​​“greater amount of happiness”.

B) The statement contained in the text is not a social convention, but a norm that must come from the individual as a social being.

C) As this is a period with strong Enlightenment influence, there is a split with theologically based morality. The proposal is supported without any relation to religion.

E) Although happiness refers to emotions and can be understood in its passionate aspect, the perspective assumed in the text has a purely rational character. This is not a conception based on inclinations or based on subjectivity, but rather as a rational universal.

question 11

(Enem/2019) Most aggressions and discriminatory manifestations against African-based religions occur in public places (57%). It is on the street, on the public highway, that more than 2/3 of the attacks took place, usually in places close to the houses of worship of these religions. Public transport is also pointed out as a place where adherents of the matrix religions African women are discriminated against, usually when they are dressed due to the precepts. religious.
REGO, L. F.; FONSECA, D. P. R.; GIACOMINI, S. M.. Rio de Janeiro: PUC-Rio, 2014.

The practices described in the text are incompatible with the dynamics of a secular and democratic society because

A) ensure multicultural expressions.
B) promote ethnic diversity.
C) falsify theological dogmas.
D) stimulate syncretic rituals.
E) restrict freedom of belief.

Correct alternative: E) restrict freedom of belief.

A secular society is one that does not have an official religion. Thus, there is a separation between the state and religion.

In turn, within a democratic society, a plurality of behaviors, habits and cultures is admitted.

Thus, any manifestation of religious intolerance or restriction of freedom of belief is incompatible with the principle of secularism, as it seeks to impose a religious doctrine and democracy by denying the right to choice.

The other alternatives are wrong because:

A) Ensuring multicultural expressions is one of the goals of democratic societies, admitting and preserving different forms of cultural expression, different from the reports in the text.

B) Likewise, the reported practices do not promote ethnic differences.

C) They are not pointing out as false the beliefs or dogmas of a religion, they are violently preventing a religious practice.

D) In ​​the reports there is also no interaction and influence between religions that would mark a level of syncretism.

question 12

(Enem/2019) The creation of the Unified Health System (SUS) as a policy for all constitutes one of the most important achievements of Brazilian society in the 20th century. The SUS must be valued and defended as a milestone for citizenship and civilizing advancement. Democracy involves a state model in which policies protect citizens and reduce inequalities. The SUS is a guideline that strengthens citizenship and contributes to ensuring the exercise of rights, political pluralism and well-being as values ​​of a fraternal, pluralistic and unprejudiced society, as provided for in the Federal Constitution of 1988.
RIZZOTO, M. L. F. et al. Social justice, democracy with social rights and health: the Cebes struggle. Revista Saúde em Debate, n. 116, Jan.-Mar. 2018 (adapted).

According to the text, two characteristics of the concept of public policy analyzed are:

A) Paternalism and philanthropy.
B) Liberalism and meritocracy.
C) Universalism and egalitarianism.
D) Nationalism and individualism.
E) Revolutionaryism and co-participation.

Correct alternative: C) Universalism and egalitarianism.

In the excerpt, there are two important marks:

“The creation of the Unified Health System (SUS) as a policy for everyone”, thus, the SUS was created with the objective of universalizing access to health (universalism).

“Democracy involves a state model in which policies protect citizens and reduce inequalities”. Public policies aimed at reducing inequalities have characteristics of egalitarianism.

The other alternatives are wrong because:

A) Paternalism is marked by welfare and restriction of freedom and philanthropy is understood as an act of solidarity and not as a right guaranteed by the State.

B) Liberalism preaches the reduction of intervention by the State, while in meritocracy the law is associated with a logic of merit, it is not universal.

D) Nationalism is based on the strengthening of the nation and individualism preaches that each individual is responsible for their own care.

E) Revolutionaryism advocates a total change in social structures and co-participation would feature the division of responsibility for the burdens.

question 13

The sovereignty of citizens endowed with full rights was essential for the existence of the city-state. According to political regimes, the proportion of these citizens in relation to the total population of men could vary a lot, being quite small in the aristocracies and oligarchies and larger in the democracies.
CARDOSO, C. F. The classic city-state. São Paulo: Attica, 1985.

In Classical Antiquity city-states, the proportion of citizens described in the text is explained by the adoption of the following criteria for political participation:

A) Land control.
B) Freedom of worship.
C) Gender Equality.
D) Exclusion of the military.
E) Literacy requirement.

Correct alternative: A) Ground control.

In the first social organizations, found in the city-states of Classical Antiquity, power was associated with goods, which before the formation of urban centers was directly linked to the ownership or control of the Earth.

Thus, landowners were considered citizens and were given the right to political participation, forming aristocracies and oligarchies.

In more specific cases of democracy, such as in Athens, the possibility of participation is widened, but it is not completely disconnected from the agrarian elites.

The other alternatives are wrong because:

B) Freedom of worship was not a characteristic of ancient societies and could not be a criterion for political participation.
C) Founded, in general, by patriarchal structures, men were understood as the head of the private space (father) and this power was transferred to the public space (citizen). Women, children and slaves were not considered citizens and had no right to participate.

D) Military personnel, especially those with higher ranks, were not excluded from participation, as long as the criteria of each city-state were respected.

E) In ancient societies, there was not a large number of literate citizens. Thus, literacy was not a criterion for participation.

question 14

(Enem/2019) TEXT I

Nature's secrets reveal themselves more under the torture of experiments than in their natural course.
BACON, F. Novum Organum, 1620. In: HADOT, P. The veil of Isis: essay on the history of the idea of ​​nature. São Paulo: Loyola, 2006.

TEXT II

The human being, totally disintegrated from the whole, no longer perceives the balanced relations of nature. It acts in a totally disharmonious way on the environment, causing great environmental imbalances.
GUIMARÃES, M. The environmental dimension in education. Campinas: Papirus, 1995.

The texts indicate a relationship between society and nature characterized by the

A) objectification of physical space.
B) resumption of the creationist model.
C) recovery of the ancestral legacy.
D) infallibility of the scientific method.
E) formation of the holistic worldview.

Correct alternative: A) objectification of physical space.

The conception of human beings as a being separated from nature provides an understanding of physical space as an object.

Thus, human beings understood as subjects take nature as a means to achieve their interests. The interests of human beings, understood as beings different and superior to nature, tend to be conflicting and cause environmental imbalances.

The other alternatives are wrong because:

B) The creationist model affirms human beings also as distinct creatures of nature, but it would not justify a development that is inharmonious with the environment.

C) In general, perspectives that aim to recover a way of life linked to ancestral characteristics of human beings, are concerned with the balance of human activities in their relation to the nature.

D) Both texts point to the exploration of nature for human purposes, but they do not affirm the infallibility of the scientific method.

E) A conception that considers the whole to be greater than the sum of its parts (holistic conception) comprises the universe (cosmos) in its totality. Thus, human beings are part of this whole, requiring balance and forms of sustainable development.

question 15

(Enenm/2019) Christianity incorporated ancient practices related to fire to create a syncretic feast. The church resumed the six-month gap between the births of Jesus Christ and John the Baptist and instituted the date of commemoration of the latter in such a way that the European summer solstice festivals with their traditional bonfires became “St. João". The feast of fire and light, however, was not immediately associated with St. John the Baptist. In the late Middle Ages, some traditional festival practices (such as bathing, dancing and singing) were pursued by monks and bishops. From the Council of Trent (1545-1563), the Church decided to adopt celebrations around fire and associate them with Christian doctrine.
CHIANCA, L. Devotion and fun: contemporary expressions of Catholic feasts and saints. Anthropological Journal, no. 18, 2007 (adapted).

In order to strengthen itself, the institution mentioned in the text adopted the practices described, which consist of

A) promotion of ecumenical acts.
B) promotion of biblical guidelines.
C) appropriation of secular ceremonies.
D) resumption of apostolic teachings.
E) resignification of fundamentalist rituals.

Correct alternative: c) appropriation of secular ceremonies.

Strengthening occurs through the redefinition of practices that are already recurrent. If these manifestations continue to take place beyond the institutions' prohibitions, it may characterize a failure of their power or influence.

Thus, when the same practices become part of the institutions' repertoire, they can be understood not as an opposition, but as a confirmation of their power.

The other alternatives are wrong because:

A) Ecumenical acts are characterized by coexistence and coexistence between different beliefs. In the text, there is no tolerance bias towards multiculturalism, but the maintenance of a single doctrine.

B) The text does not list decision-making by incorporating traditional practices as having their orientation in biblical writings.

D) Despite the association with the figure of John the Baptist, there is no retaking of the apostolic teachings.

E) The resignification dealt with in the text does not occur in rituals that are found in the foundations of religion, but in pagan rites, outside of Christian doctrine.

question 16

In the capitalist system, the many manifestations of crisis create conditions that force some kind of rationalization. In general, these periodic crises have the effect of expanding productive capacity and renewing the conditions for accumulation. We can conceive of each crisis as a shift in the accumulation process to a new and higher level.
HARVEY, D. The capitalist production of space. São Paulo: Annablume, 2005 (adapted).

The condition for the inclusion of workers in the new production process described in the text is the

A) union association.
B) electoral participation.
C) international migration.
D) professional qualification.
E) functional regulation.

Correct alternative: D) professional qualification.

The capitalist system, as it is presented, has its origins in the industrial revolution and is marked by the reorganization of the productive forces. Currently, an increasing level of qualification of workers is required to meet the more sophisticated demands of production.

The other alternatives are wrong because:

A) The union association is not a condition for the inclusion of workers in the production process. For many times, these organizations act as being antagonistic to the advance of the capitalist production model.

B) Likewise, electoral participation is not a condition for their inclusion in the production process. For example, young people aged 14 and over can enter the labor market, even though they are not yet of legal age to participate in elections.

C) International migration may be an effect of inequalities between different production systems, but it is not a condition for inclusion in the new production process.

E) Professional regulation is part of the practices in production processes, to a greater or lesser extent. Thus, it is not exactly the condition of inclusion, but the orientation of professional practices.

question 17

(Enem/2019) At no other time has the thin body acquired a sense of ideal body and was as in evidence as it is today: this body, naked or dressed, exposed in several women's and men's magazines, it's in fashion: it's on the cover of magazines, newspaper articles, advertising headlines, and has become a consumer dream for thousands of people. Based on this conception, the fat person starts to have a body visibly without restraint, without health, a body stigmatized by deviation, deviation by excess. However, as author Marylin Wann claims, it is perfectly possible to be fat and healthy. Fat people often get sick not because of fat, but because of stress, the oppression they are subjected to.
VASCONCELOS, N. THE.; SUDO, I.; SUDO, NO. A weight on the soul: the fat body and the media. Revista Mal-Estar e Subjecttividade, n. 1, March. 2004 (adapted).

In the text, the predominant treatment in the media about the relationship between health and the body receives the following criticism:

A) Diffusion of ancient aesthetics.
B) Exaltation of popular beliefs.
C) Propagation of scientific conclusions.
D) Reiteration of hegemonic discourses.
E) Challenge of consolidated stereotypes.

Correct alternative: e) Contest of consolidated stereotypes.

The body fulfills the function of identifying individuals in different societies. Throughout the 20th century, the slim body became the standard and the goal to be reached. The stereotype of association of the thin body with the healthy body was created and this structure is contested in the text.

The other alternatives are wrong because:

A) The text shows that aesthetics change throughout history. Thus, ancient aesthetics can be conflicting, not being the basis of the criticism presented.

B) The text does not contain a relationship and popular beliefs and their understanding of the ideal body treated by the media.

C) The media's treatment of the relationship between health and body is not based exclusively on scientific conclusions, but on consumer society models.

D) The text is not a reaffirmation (reiteration) of the dominant discourses in the media (hegemonic discourses), it is, on the contrary, a questioning of this traditional model.

question 18

(Enem/2018) Figure 1

Rosa Parks Bus

Figure 2

Rosa Parks

This bus is related to the act performed, in 1955, by Rosa Parks, presented in a photograph with Martin Luther King. The vehicle achieved the status of a museological work as it symbolizes the (a)

A) impact of the fear of the arms race.
B) democratization of access to public schools.
C) gender bias in public transport.
D) outbreak of the civil equality movement.
E) outbreak of rebellion in juvenile behavior.

Correct alternative: D) outbreak of the civil equality movement.

On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks (figure 2), a black woman, refused to obey orders to to get up and give a seat to a white man in the North American public transport (bus - picture 1).

Because of her act, Rosa Parks was arrested and became a symbol of the fight against racial segregation, boosting various social movements aimed at civil equality, having as another outstanding figure Martin Luther King.

The other questions are wrong because:

A) The vehicle is not related to the arms race waged during the cold war between the US and the USSR.

B) Likewise, there is no relationship between the symbolism that the bus has acquired and the democratization of access to public schools.

C) Despite having an important relationship with gender issues, the movements that gained strength to from the act of Rosa Parks and assumed the bus as a symbol, were those related to the issues racial.

E) There is no relationship between Rosa Parks' action and an increase in rebellion in youth behavior.

question 19

(Enem PPL/2019) Feminism had a direct relationship with the conceptual decentering of the Cartesian and sociological subject. He questioned the classic distinction between the “inside” and the “outside”, the “private” and the “public”. The slogan of feminism was: “the personal is political”. It thus opened up entirely new arenas to political contestation: the family, sexuality, the domestic division of labor, and so on.
HALLS. Cultural identity in postmodernity. Rio de Janeiro: DP&A, 2011 (adapted).

The movement described in the text contributes to the process of transformation of human relationships, as its performance

A) subverts the rights of certain parts of society.
B) it undermines the relationship of the ruling class with the State.
C) builds the segregation of popular segments.
D) limits the mechanisms for inclusion of minorities.
E) redefines the dynamics of social institutions.

Correct alternative: E) redefines the dynamics of social institutions.

The feminist movement, within its plurality, is marked by the redefinition of social dynamics. The idea that personal issues are also a reflection and reflect on the public sphere brings with them a significant change in the way politics is done and thought.

Male domination based on patriarchy exposed by feminism transformed the way of understanding human relationships.

The other alternatives are wrong because:

A) Feminism is based on the idea of ​​gender equity. Thus, it does not aim to invert or subvert the rights of any social group.

B) For several feminist currents, the State is the very representation of the dominant classes. Thus, there is no disturbance in this relationship, since there is not, properly, a relationship, but a single structure.

C) As the objective of the movement is equity or gender equality, there is no segregation of popular segments of society. There is, in fact, a fight for the rights of these segments.

D) It's just the opposite. The slogan “the personal is political” aimed to expand the mechanisms of inclusion, to deal with groups that were often made invisible.

question 20

(Enem PPL/2019) Knowledge is always approximate, fallible and, therefore, susceptible to continuous corrections. A justification may seem good, at a certain point, until better knowledge appears. What defines science will not then be the illusory obtaining of definitive truths. Rather, it will be definable by the prevalence of use, by its practitioners, of instruments that the scientific field has forged and made available. That is, each progression in knowledge that shows the erroneous or insufficient character of previous knowledge does not refer to these last to the outer darkness of non-science, but only to the stage of historically scientific knowledge outdated.
ALMEIDA, J. F. Old and new aspects of social science epistemology. Sociology: problems and practices, n. 55, 2007 (adapted).

The text demystifies a commonsense view that science consists of (a)

A) set of immutable theories.
B) consensus from different areas.
C) coexistence of antagonistic theses.
D) advancement of interdisciplinary research.
E) pre-eminence of empirical knowledge.

Correct alternative: A) set of immutable theories.

For common sense, science, when done well, develops certainties that cannot be changed, definitive, immutable truths.

However, as the text shows, science is based on the construction of knowledge that is more valuable and useful than the previous one. This same knowledge, at a given moment, has to be surpassed by another and will become outdated, continuing the process.

The other alternatives are wrong because:

B) In fact, in science there is some degree of consensus between different areas. Social sciences, for example, make use of different types of knowledge from different areas to build their knowledge.

C) Common sense is a partial knowledge characterized by simplicity of thought, so it cannot account for the complexity of the coexistence of antagonistic theses.

D) Likewise, common sense knowledge does not understand science as interdisciplinary knowledge.

E) Empirical knowledge is common sense knowledge, not science. Empirical knowledge is based on a partial perception of reality and everyday habits.

Science may or may not take this knowledge as the starting point for the construction of scientific knowledge.

Keep studying with the texts:

  • Sociology in Enem: what to study
  • Sociology Issues
  • Enem's Philosophy Issues
  • Questions about social movements
  • questions about culture
  • Exercises on cultural industry and mass culture
  • Questions about Capitalism
  • Questions about Karl Marx
  • Citizenship Questions
  • Questions about social inequality
  • Philosophy Exercises
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