Geography is one of the subjects that is part of the Human Sciences and its Technologies test at Enem.
In it, there are concepts referring to the various problems related to the country and the world. The various areas of Geography such as: Climate, Demography, Economics, Urban Geography, Energy, Geology and Geopolitics are frequent in the test.
For a good performance in Geography issues, it is necessary that students are aware of current issues of economics and world politics. It is also desirable that the student has a good knowledge of the disciplines of Sociology and History, mainly.
This list of questions that fell on the Enem test lists the main themes and will help guide the studies.
question 1
(Enem/2018) In Beirut, Lebanon, when asked about where the Syrian refugees are, the man's answer is immediate: “everywhere and nowhere”. Walking at random, it is not uncommon to see, under a building or in a corner of the sidewalk, sheltered from the wind, a family taking refuge around a frugal meal placed on newspapers like napkins. You can also see from time to time a tent bearing the acronym UNHCR (United Nations High Commission for Refugees), erected on one of the capital's rare vacant lots.
JABER, H. Who really takes in refugees? Le Monde Diplomatique Brasil, Oct.2015 (adapted).
The scenario described points to a humanitarian crisis that is explained by the process of
A) massive migration of people affected by natural disasters.
B) cultural hybridization of groups characterized by social homogeneity.
C) voluntary demobilization of militants co-opted by extremist sects.
D) religious pilgrimages of believers guided by fundamentalist leaders.
E) forced deterritorialization of populations affected by armed conflicts.
Correct alternative: E) Forced deterritorialization of populations affected by armed conflicts.
A) WRONG. Syrian refugees were not victims of natural disasters (floods or earthquakes, for example). The fear generated by the civil war forces Syrian groups to move to other countries in search of security.
B) WRONG. The report does not refer to any type of interculturality or social homogeneity. On the contrary, the passage suggests that refugee groups are marginalized and dependent on help from international bodies such as the UN.
C) WRONG. Refugees are forced to leave their home territory because of the violence caused by the war. There is not necessarily a voluntary demobilization of militants. If so, it does not have significant numbers with regard to the volume of refugees.
D) WRONG. Syrian refugees are fleeing civil war. Its movement does not represent any kind of religious pilgrimage.
E) CORRECT. The various armed conflicts existing in the world are the main cause of the deterritorialization and displacement of refugees today. It is a forced migration, which has effects in several countries understood as the main destinations of the victims of war.
In Syria, the civil war that started in 2011 has forced many inhabitants to seek asylum in other countries. Lebanon has been one of the top destinations for Syrians who fear for their lives and move in search of safety.
question 2
(Enem/2018)
The hydrological dynamics expressed in the graph demonstrates that the urbanization process promotes
A) reduction in river volume.
B) expansion of the water table.
C) decrease in rainfall.
D) reservoir level retraction.
E) expansion of runoff.
Correct alternative: E) expansion of runoff.
A) WRONG. The reduction in river volumes is not shown in the graph. The data presented in the graph refer to precipitation and flow over time.
B) WRONG. According to the data presented in the graph, we cannot conclude any type of influence of urbanization on the volume of groundwater.
C) WRONG. The graph does not distinguish between the rainfall rate in urbanized and non-urbanized areas. Therefore, this conclusion cannot be reached.
D) WRONG. Likewise, it is not possible to conclude anything about reservoir levels from the data presented.
E) CORRECT. In the graph, a relevant difference can be seen in the flow of urbanized areas in relation to non-urbanized areas.
It can be concluded that the increase in flow in urban areas is due to the paving, which entails a greater waterproofing the soil, making it impossible to infiltrate water and causing the rain to run off through its surface.
In other words, the soil made impermeable by the paving of urban areas promotes an increase in surface runoff in relation to non-urbanized areas.
question 3
(Enem/2018)
TEXT I
For more than two decades, scientists and environmentalists have been warning that fresh water is a scarce resource on our planet. Since the beginning of 2014, the Southeast of Brazil has acquired a clear perception of this reality due to the drought.
TEXT II
Atmospheric dynamics in Brazil
Elements relevant to moisture transport in South America east of the Andes by Low Level Jets (JBN), Cold Fronts (FF) and moisture transport from the South Atlantic, as well as the presence of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACC), for a normal summer and for summer 2014 dry. “A” represents the center of the high atmospheric pressure anomaly.
According to the information presented, the 2014 drought in the Southeast was naturally caused by (a)
A) constitution of hot fronts barring convective rains.
B) formation of an anticyclone preventing the entry of moisture.
C) presence of cloudiness in the mountain range region.
D) advance of polar masses to the continent.
E) low atmospheric pressure on the coast.
Correct alternative: B) formation of an anticyclone preventing the entry of moisture.
A) WRONG. In fact, displacements of hot fronts are responsible for convective rains. In the case presented, there was no rainfall in the demarcated "A" zone.
B) CORRECT. The formation of the anticyclone, generated by the high atmospheric pressure zone, prevents the displacement of air masses and precipitation (rain).
This phenomenon is represented in zone "A" and refers to the dry season in the summer of 2014.
C) WRONG. The drought in the Southeast region, in the summer of 2014, was not related to the presence of cloudiness in the mountain range region.
D) WRONG. The advances of the polar masses towards the continent, in general, make precipitation possible. However, the displacement of these masses was impeded by the high pressure zone (anticyclone).
E) WRONG. On the contrary, there was a high pressure zone centralized on the coast of Southeastern Brazil.
question 4
(Enem/2018) Industrial countries adopted a different conception of family relations and the place of fertility in family and social life. The concern to guarantee an integral transmission of the acquired economic and social advantages results in a voluntary action to limit the number of births.
GEORGE, P. Panorama of the current world. São Paulo: European Book Diffusion, 1968 (adapted).
In the mid-twentieth century, the social phenomenon described contributed to the European process of
A) stabilization of the age pyramid.
B) completion of the demographic transition.
C) containment of the entry of immigrants.
D) increase in vegetative growth.
E) formation of overpopulated spaces.
Correct alternative: B) completion of the demographic transition.
A) WRONG. The period described in the text shows a change in behavior that limited the number of births.
With that, there was, in fact, a destabilization of this age pyramid. The decrease in reproductive rates causes a transformation in the age pyramid.
The decrease in the birth rate causes a relatively increase in the number of adults and elderly people, which can generate a relevant "aging" of the populations.
B) CORRECT. The 20th century saw the completion of the demographic transition in industrialized countries.
According to demographic studies, industrialization has boosted birth rates.
However, in the post-industrialization period, technological and social advances make the rates of birth and mortality gradually regress and there is a transformation in the age pyramid of these countries. This process is called "demographic transition".
This voluntary decrease in fertility rates is a regular social phenomenon observed in industrialized countries, bringing the demographic transition to a close, keeping the numbers of births and deaths.
C) WRONG. Containing the entry of immigrants does not have a direct relationship with the reduction in fertility rates.
On the contrary, what can be observed is that the decrease in birth rates and population aging generate policies to encourage migration in certain countries.
D) WRONG. Vegetative growth or natural growth represents the difference between the number of births and deaths within a population.
In the case of industrialized countries, these numbers are very close, with no population growth.
E) WRONG. Likewise, there is no overcrowding of spaces. Population growth rates are balanced or even declining in some cases.
question 5
(Enem/2017) Accelerated wear will always exist if the farmer is not careful to combat the causes related to various processes, such as: chemical impoverishment and leaching caused by depletion caused by crops and by the vertical washing of nutrients from the water that infiltrates into the soil, as well as by the removal of nutritive elements with the crops. The removed nutrients, when not replaced, are commonly replaced by toxic elements, such as aluminum.
LEPSCH, I. Soil formation and conservation. São Paulo: Text Workshops, 2002 (adapted).
The environmental dynamics exemplified in the text generates the following consequence for arable land
A) Increased acidity.
B) Magnification of salinity.
C) Formation of gullies.
D) Removal of the top layer.
E) Intensification of surface runoff
Correct alternative: A) Increased acidity.
A) CORRECT. Leaching removes nutrients from the soil, which are soluble in water. This process occurs by dragging nutrients into the subsoil by infiltration of rainwater. Heavy metals such as aluminum have reduced solubility and therefore tend to accumulate in the soil and increase its acidity. Soil acidity increases as pH decreases.
When aluminum reacts with water, hydrolysis occurs and, consequently, there is the release of H ions+ in the soil, raising the acidity.
Al3+ + 3H2O → Al(OH)3 + 3H+
Clay together with soil organic matter form colloids, which are negatively charged species. Nutrients have a positive charge (K+, ca+ in G+) and, therefore, are attached to colloids, making the soil fertile.
As they are dragged by water, they attract other positive ions (H+ and Al3+) causing these species to bind to the soil and increase their toxicity.
B) WRONG. Salinization is another process that can occur in poor soils, but it is generally caused by human action through the use of fertilizers.
However, the leaching process, as it is a vertical washing of the soil through water infiltration, would also carry the salts responsible for salinization.
C) WRONG. The formation of gullies is the formation of holes where materials carried by rainwater are deposited. This is a physical phenomenon that is not related to the chemical phenomena reported in the text.
D) WRONG. Likewise, the removal of the top layer is a physical phenomenon, different from what is presented in the text.
E) WRONG. The soil leaching process also occurs because there is no runoff. Much of the water tends to infiltrate the soil "washing" the soil and depleting it of organic matter and elements necessary for planting.
question 6
(Enem/2017) The biggest consumers of the logistics infrastructure for export in Brazil are bulk products, among which iron ore stands out, oil and its derivatives and soy, which, because of their low added value, and because they are handled in large volume, need a large and low structure. costs. In the case of soy, the infrastructure leaves a lot to be desired, resulting in huge queues of ships, trucks and trains, which, because they are a large part of the idle time in queues, have their cost increased, heavily burdening the exporter, affecting their profit margin and threatening our competitiveness International.
FLEURY, P. F. The infrastructure and logistical challenges of Brazilian exports. Rio de Janeiro: CEL; Cophead; UFRJ, 2005 (adapted).
In the context of the beginning of the 21st century, an action to solve the logistical problems of soy presented in the text would be the
A) exemption from transport taxes.
B) construction of docking terminals.
C) diversification of trading partners.
D) hiring of port workers.
E) intensification of highway policing.
Correct alternative: B) construction of berth terminals.
A) WRONG. Exemption from taxes could increase the profit margin of exporters, but it would not solve the logistical problem that reduces the flow of soybean production in Brazil.
B) CORRECT. The construction of new berths would optimize the flow of soybeans and would solve the problem related to the queues of ships, trucks and trains and would reduce their idle time.
C) WRONG. The diversification of commercial partners would not affect the queuing issue and the expenses generated by the cargo's idle time.
In the text, it is possible to observe that the existing logistical structure operates at its limit, having no relevance to where the production will be destined.
D) WRONG. Hiring workers can affect, in part, the waiting time, but without a structural change, it will not have an effective impact on the flow of production.
E) WRONG. Intensifying policing will not solve the logistical problem presented in the text.
question 7
(Enem/2017)
On the day the meteorological data presented was collected, which climatic factor was decisive in explaining the relative humidity indices in the Northeast and South regions?
A) Altitude, which forms natural barriers.
B) Vegetation, which affects solar incidence.
C) Air masses, which cause precipitation.
D) Maritime currents, which act in the exchange of heat.
E) Continentality, which influences the temperature range.
Correct alternative: C) Air masses, which cause precipitation.
A) WRONG. The data presented show a high relative humidity index. This factor is not related to altitude acting as a natural barrier. Altitude is a constant and is not responsible for changes in weather in regions.
B) Likewise, the question mentions the Northeast and South regions of the country. The climate and vegetation of these regions are very different and cannot be a factor that would influence the data shown.
C) CORRECT. The high number of relative air humidity in the two regions (Northeast and South) certainly represents the presence of air masses, which cause precipitation (rain).
D) WRONG. Sea currents would also not affect the two regions in the same way.
E) WRONG. The regions in question are located on the Brazilian coast, not suffering much influence from continentality. On the other hand, continentality also presents itself as a constant, not being responsible for the change in weather in the regions.
question 8
(Enem/2017) The earthquake measuring 8.8 on the Richter scale that hit the west coast of Chile in February caused significant changes in the region's map. According to a preliminary analysis, the entire city of Concepción has moved at least 3 meters to the west. Buenos Aires has moved about an inch to the west, while Santiago, closer to the venue, has moved nearly a foot to the west-southwest. The cities of Valparaíso, in Chile, and Mendoza, in Argentina, also had their positions significantly changed (13.4 centimeters and 8.8 centimeters, respectively).
InfoGNSS Magazine, Curitiba, year 6, n. 31, 2010.
The text highlights a type of geological event that is frequent in certain parts of the earth's surface. These events are focused on
A) volcanic areas, where magmatic material rises, forming mountain ranges.
B) coastal strips, where the ocean floor receives sediment, causing tsunamis.
C) narrow ranges of seismic intensity, in the contact of tectonic plates, close to modern bends.
D) crystalline shields, where the rocks are subjected to weathering processes, with sudden changes in temperature.
E) areas of ancient sedimentary basins, located in the center of tectonic plates, in regions known as hot spots.
Correct alternative: C) narrow ranges of seismic intensity, in the contact of tectonic plates, close to modern bends.
A) WRONG. The formation of mountain ranges is associated with the convergence of tectonic plates. The meeting of these plates produces a ground-lifting effect.
B) WRONG. Tsunamis are giant waves that hit coastal regions and are caused by the activity of tectonic plates within the sea.
C) CORRECT. These bands between tectonic plates have intense seismic activity. Modern folding and the formation of mountain ranges are effects of the encounter (convergence) of these tectonic plates, as well as earthquakes.
The Andes Mountains, which extends along the entire western coast of South America, is the result of the movement of the Nazca Plate towards the South American Plate.
D) WRONG. Crystalline shields are areas of low seismic activity and do not have high altitudes. These shields correspond to the oldest layer of the Earth's surface, the opposite of the modern folds that represent the newer layers.
E) WRONG. Sedimentary basins represent depressions caused by tectonic movement. However, they are far from the relationship with the events that occurred in the text.
question 9
(Enem/2016) According to the Kyoto Conference, the industrialized central countries, responsible pollution, should reach the target of reducing 5.2% of total emissions according to 1990 levels. The crux of the matter is the enormous cost of this process, requiring radical changes in industries to that adapt quickly to the established emission limits and adopt energy technologies clean. The international commercialization of credits for sequestration or reduction of greenhouse gases was the solution found to reduce the overall cost of the process. Countries or companies that manage to reduce emissions below their targets may sell this credit to another country or company that cannot.
BECKER, B. Amazon: geopolitics at the turn of the second millennium. Rio de Janeiro: Garamond, 2009.
The positions against the compensation strategy present in the text are related to the idea that it promotes
A) retraction in current consumption levels.
B) emergence of a diplomatic conflict.
C) decreased profits in energy production.
D) inequality in the distribution of ecological impact.
E) decrease in economic development indices.
Correct alternative: D) inequality in the distribution of ecological impact.
A) WRONG. Consumption levels are not affected by this type of compensation policy. Therefore, they do not present themselves as a critical factor to the adopted strategies.
B) WRONG. Not necessarily, compensatory strategies threaten diplomatic agreements. Often, these policies arise, properly, from agreements between companies with the endorsement of the States.
C) WRONG. Rather, these strategies represent the maintenance of profits for certain sectors of the industry. On the other hand, the production of so-called "clean energies" increases their profit margin because they are often related to the sale of credits.
D) CORRECT. The sale of credit makes big companies not worry about the negative ecological impacts of their production.
Thus, the locations that host these industries are not benefited by changes in the mode of production.
Thus, there is an inequality in the distribution of ecological impacts from the maintenance of polluting centers that practice only a compensatory policy. In other areas, which generate credit, there is a significant reduction in the ecological impact.
E) WRONG. Likewise, these compensation strategies do not affect economic development indices, as they maintain companies' production and profit margins.
On the other hand, what can be affected is the level of human development in these locations, which can be affected by diseases as a result of contact with pollutants.
question 10
(Enem/2015) A sports car and financed by Japan, designed in Italy and assembled in Indiana, Mexico and France, using the most advanced electronic components, which were invented in New Jersey and manufactured in Korea. The advertising campaign is developed in England, filmed in Canada, the edition and copies made in New York to be aired around the world. Global webs disguise themselves with the national uniform that suits them best.
REICH, R. The work of nations: preparing us for capitalism in the 21st century. São Paulo: Educator, 1994 (adapted).
The feasibility of the production process illustrated by the text presupposes the use of
A) assembly lines and inventory building.
B) bureaucratic companies and cheap labor.
C) state control and consolidated infrastructure.
D) network organization and information technology.
E) centralized management and economic protectionism.
Correct alternative: D) network organization and information technology.
A) WRONG. The mode of production reported in the text represents another moment, different from the one shown in the alternative.
Assembly lines and inventory building represented an important change in the first half of the 20th century.
B) WRONG. Bureaucratic companies would present an obstacle to the internationalization of production. The reported mode of production requires agility in processes and integration between different sectors.
C) WRONG. Likewise, an intense state control would represent an obstacle to the performance of these transnational companies. The establishment of this mode of production is only possible with a more simplified action by the various States involved.
D) CORRECT. The network organization of production is an effect of so-called globalization. Technological advances, above all related to information technology, made it possible to remotely control all phases of the production process.
Companies are looking all over the globe for the locations that have the most interesting factors, creating a network with the objective of maximizing the profits of the production process.
E) WRONG. Centralized management and economic protectionism are not related to this new mode of production. These measures were very present in the period before globalization.
question 11
(Enem/2015) The process of urban concentration in Brazil in certain places had moments of greater intensity and, that everything indicates, is currently experiencing a slowdown in the pace of population growth in large centers urban areas.
BAENINGER, R. Cities and metropolises: the slowdown in population growth and new regional arrangements. Available at: www.sbsociology.com.br. Accessed on: 12 Dec. 2012 (adapted).
One cause for the sociospatial process mentioned in the text is (a)
A) lack of raw materials.
B) degradation of the road network.
C) increased vegetative growth.
D) centralization of political power.
E) reallocation of industrial activity.
Correct alternative: E) reallocation of industrial activity.
A) WRONG. The decrease in urban population growth is not related to the scarcity or lack of raw materials
B) WRONG. The degradation of the road network, if any, is not a factor that prevents population growth in urban centers.
C) WRONG. Economic development and industrialization tend to reduce fertility rates and population growth.
D) WRONG. There is no centralization of power that justifies the reduction of urban concentration in Brazil.
E) CORRECT. Many factors make it possible to relocate industrial activity in Brazil. Technological advances in production associated with incentives given for the establishment of industries make new locations, outside urban centers, attractive by offering health posts. work.
These places tend to bring people together and cause the population to be deconcentrated in large urban centers.
question 12
(Enem/2019) Welcomed by hundreds of social movement activists from forty countries, Pope Francis the 2nd World Meeting of Popular Movements ended on 07/09/2015, in Santa Cruz de La Sierra, in Bolivia. According to him, the “globalization of hope, which is born of peoples and grows among the poor, must replace this globalization of exclusion and indifference”.
Available in: http://cartamaior.com.br. Accessed on: 15 July 2015 (adapted).
In the text there is a criticism of the following aspect of the globalized world:
A) Political freedom.
B) Human mobility.
C) Cultural Connectivity.
D) Economic disparity.
E) Commercial complementarity.
Correct alternative: D) Economic disparity.
A) WRONG. Political freedom is not an aspect of the globalized world, globalization has as its central characteristic the aspects economic, many countries that participate in this global integration live in authoritarian regimes, without the possibility of freedom politics.
B) WRONG. Human mobility was driven by the process of globalization. However, the criticism made by the pope is not directly linked to this factor, even though the refugee crisis and the mobility of skilled labor are present characteristics.
C) WRONG. The cultural connectivity facilitated by the technical advances of the so-called ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies) also exposes a mark of exclusion. According to the UN, around 3.6 billion people in the world do not have access to the internet, but this exclusion is also a reflection of the economic disparity.
D) CORRECT. In Pope Francis' speech there is a criticism of the globalization process characterized by the use of the phrase "globalization of exclusion and indifference". This exclusion is due to the concentration of income.
According to the report produced by the NGO Oxfam, the richest 1% of the world population concentrates more than double the income of 6.9 billion people.
E) WRONG. Commercial complementarity and the decentralization of production, despite benefiting from unequal working conditions, are not the focus of the criticism made by Pope Francis.
question 13
(Enem/2019) The demographic bonus is characterized by the period in which, due to the reduction in the number of children per woman, the population structure is favorable to economic growth. This is because there are proportionally fewer children in the population, and the percentage of elderly people is still not high.
GOIS, A. O Globo, April 5 2015 (adapted).
The state action that contributes to the use of the demographic bonus is the stimulus to
A) attraction of immigrants.
B) increase in the tax burden.
C) qualification of the workforce.
D) admission of political exiles.
E) granting of pensions.
Correct alternative: C) qualification of the workforce.
A) WRONG. The attraction of immigrants is, in general, a measure adopted to meet the demand for unskilled labor, necessary when there is a production deficit.
B) WRONG. The increase in the tax burden (taxes) occurs when there is the opposite scenario, an excess of people outside the productive range.
C) CORRECT. The demographic bonus is represented in the text as a favorable moment due to the high rate of individuals of age productive and few that incur as costs to the government (children and elderly) because they are outside the productivity.
Thus, the State's efforts may be focused on qualifying the workforce to boost production and boost the economy.
D) WRONG. The admission of political exiles is not related to the theme of the text, it depends on factors related to diplomacy and international relations.
E) WRONG. The granting of pensions meets criteria defined by the State, which may or may not be related to the demographic bonus.
question 14
(Enem/2019) The residents of Utqiagvik spent two months almost entirely in darkness. city in Alaska — the northernmost state of the United States — are already accustomed to long nights without seeing the light of morning. On November 18, 2018, its just over 4,000 inhabitants saw the last sunset of the year. The next opportunity to see the light of day occurred on January 23, 2019, at 1:04 pm (local time).
Available at: www.bbc.com. Accessed on: May 16, 2019 (adapted).
The phenomenon described is related to the fact that the city mentioned has a geographical position conditioned by the
A) continentality.
B) maritimacy.
C) longitude.
D) latitude.
E) altitude.
Correct alternative: D) latitude.
A) WRONG. Continentality refers to the distance from the location to seas and oceans, it is a factor that can affect the climate, but not the incidence of sunlight.
B) WRONG. Maritimeity is the opposite phenomenon to continentality, related to the proximity of the coast. Likewise, it does not interfere with solar incidence
C) WRONG. Longitude are imaginary vertical lines and connect from pole to pole. Thus, in the same longitude there can be points in all latitude circles (polar circles, temperate or tropical zones).
D) CORRECT. Latitude is an imaginary line perpendicular to the terrestrial axis. Throughout the year, the solstices (maximum amplitude of the Sun in relation to the Earth) alternately occur between the latitudinal lines of the tropics of Cancer (northern hemisphere) and Capricorn (southern hemisphere).
Localities within the zone demarcated by the polar circles (Arctic and Antarctic) do not receive the incidence of sunlight during a few days of winter, the sun is below the line of horizon.
The city of Utqiagvik is one of the northernmost cities in the world, within the Arctic Circle. Due to its latitude (71° 18' 1" N), the locality spends about 65 days in the dark during the winter.
E) WRONG. Altitude is the distance from sea level, nor is it a direct factor in the incidence of the sun's rays.
question 15
(Enem/2019) Hunger is not a technical problem, as it is not due to lack of food, because hunger now coexists with the material conditions to solve it.
PORTO-GONÇALVES, C. W. Geography of wealth, hunger and the environment. In: OLIVEIRA, A. U.; MARQUES, M. I. M. (Org.). The field in the 21st century: territory of life, struggle and construction of social justice. São Paulo: Casa Amarela; Paz e Terra, 2004 (adapted).
The text demonstrates that the food problem presented has a political dimension because it is associated with (to)
A) regional productivity scale.
B) pattern of income distribution.
C) difficulty in storing grain.
D) world population growth.
E) cost of shipping the products.
Correct alternative: B) pattern of income distribution.
A) WRONG. The production capacity of each region is currently a less relevant factor in solving the food problem.
B) CORRECT. The unequal distribution of income is largely responsible for the problem of hunger today. This is because in the world the amount of food produced is greater than consumption needs.
Thus, there are material conditions to extinguish hunger, there is enough food to feed all the inhabitants of the planet. The problem of hunger is no longer an issue related to production, as in other historical moments, but a political issue based on an unequal distribution of income.
C) WRONG. The technical advances in production are capable enough to solve logistical issues such as grain storage, for example.
D) WRONG. World population growth is less than food production capacity.
E) WRONG. The costs of marketing the products are one of the factors alleged to hinder the redistribution of food. However, it is not the main factor for the food problem.
question 16
(ENEM/2012) Suppose you are a consultant and were hired to advise on the implementation of an energy matrix in a small country with following characteristics: flat, rainy region with constant winds, with few water resources and no fuel reservoirs fossils.
According to the characteristics of this country, the energy matrix with the lowest environmental impact and risk is based on energy
a) of biofuels, as it has less environmental impact and greater availability.
b) solar, due to its low cost and the characteristics of the country that are favorable to its implementation.
c) nuclear, for having less environmental risk to be adapted to places with smaller territorial extension.
d) hydraulics, due to the relief, the country's territorial extension and the available natural resources.
e) wind, due to the characteristics of the country and for not generating greenhouse gases or operating residues.
Correct alternative: e) wind power, due to the characteristics of the country and for not generating greenhouse gases or operating residues.
The country in question has abundant winds and is flat, which allows for the easy placement of windmills.
a) WRONG. Biofuels - like sugarcane - require large tracts of land to grow, something the country does not have.
b) WRONG. Solar energy would be unfeasible as it rains constantly.
c) WRONG. It would not be an interesting alternative, since there is no way to discard the waste produced by the plants.
d) WRONG. The country does not have an adequate relief for the construction of a dam, as it is flat.
question 17
(ENEM/2012)
Text I
By emancipating themselves from manorial tutelage, many peasants were legally disconnected from the old land. They should pay, to acquire property or lease. Because they do not have resources, they have swelled the growing layer of newsboys and mobile workers, others, even though they owned a small lot, supplemented their existence with wages. sporadic.
AX, P. P. Politics and colonization in the Empire. Porto Alegre: EdUFRGS, 1999 (adapted).
Text II
With the globalization of the economy, the hegemony of the agricultural development model has expanded, with its technological standards, characterizing agribusiness. This new face of capitalist agriculture has also changed the way in which land is controlled and exploited. Thus, the occupation of arable areas was expanded and agricultural frontiers were extended.
SADER, E.; JINKINGS, I. Contemporary Encyclopedia of Latin America and the Caribbean. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2006 (adapted).
The texts demonstrate that both in nineteenth-century Europe and in the Latin American context of the 21st century, technological changes experienced in the countryside interfere in the lives of populations places, because
a) induce young people to study in large cities, causing rural exodus, once they graduate, they do not return to their region of origin.
b) encourage local populations to seek lines of state financing with the aim of expanding family farming, ensuring its settlement in the countryside.
c) expand the role of the State, enabling rural economic groups to produce and impose agricultural policies, expanding their control over markets.
d) increase the production and productivity of certain crops due to the intensification of mechanization, the use of pesticides and the cultivation of transgenic plants.
e) disorganize the traditional way of life, driving them to search for better conditions in the urban space or in other countries in often precarious situations.
Correct alternative: e) disorganize the traditional way of life, driving them to search for better conditions in urban spaces or in other countries in often precarious situations.
The first rural exodus from Western Europe comes when money becomes more valuable than land, at the beginning of the Modern Age. Already in the century. XX and XXI, the implementation of new technologies dispenses with most arms and replaces them with machines, causing the rural exodus, undoing the traditional way of life and saturating cities.
a) WRONG. This alternative does not fit with the historical period portrayed in the excerpts.
b) WRONG. The excerpts speak of the displacement of populations from the countryside to the city and not their fixation in the countryside.
c) WRONG. Instead. With these changes, the State loses its protagonism in the countryside, but expands the control of ruralists through pressure groups.
d) WRONG. The fragments deal with the rural exodus in the Modern Age and Globalization and its consequences, which is exactly the opposite of what this alternative claims.
question 18
(Enem/2017) Palestinians gathered in front of television sets and screens set up outdoors in Ramalah, in the West Bank, to monitor the vote on the resolution that called for the recognition of the so-called Palestine as an observer state not a member of the United Nations (UN). The aim was to wait for the birth, at least formally, of a Palestinian state. After the resolution was approved, hundreds of people went to the city square with Palestinian flags, through the streets. Approved with 138 votes out of 193 at the General Assembly, the resolution raises the status of the Palestinian state in the organization. Palestinians celebrate elevation of status at the UN with flags and fireworks.
Available in: http://folha.com. Accessed on: 4 Dec. 2012 (adapted).
The aforementioned UN resolution endorsed:
a) (a) institutional delimitation of territorial boundaries.
b) increased quality of life for the local population.
c) implementation of the peace treaty with the Israelis.
d) support from the international community to the national demand.
e) equalization of the political condition with that of other countries.
Correct alternative: d) support from the international community to the national demand.
The text describes the expectation of Palestinians to obtain a change in status that, in their view, would be important to show other nations the importance of a Palestinian state.
a) WRONG. The text does not mention any issue about international borders.
b) WRONG. There is nothing in the excerpt on this subject.
c) WRONG. Israelis were not even mentioned in this text about Palestine.
e) WRONG. The text makes it clear that they were calling for a change of status to "Observer state not a member of the United Nations (UN)". This does not mean equating the same political condition as other nations.
question 19
(ENEM/2015) Unesco condemned the destruction of the former Assyrian capital of Nimrod, in Iraq, by the Islamic State, with the UN agency considering the act as a war crime. The group started a demolition process at several archaeological sites in an area recognized as one of the cradles of civilization.
Available in: http://oglobo.globo.com. Accessed on: 30 mar. 2015 (adapted).
The type of attack described in the text has as a consequence for the populations of countries like Iraq the disruption of (a):
a) cultural homogeneity
b) historical heritage
c) western control
d) ethnic unity.
e) official religion
Correct alternative: b) historical heritage
The Islamic State destroyed the historical heritage of one of the crucial regions of the planet harming Iraq and themselves.
A) WRONG. Cultural homogeneity is the fact that all cultures are equal, a phenomenon that has occurred especially in globalization.
C) WRONG. Western control is not mentioned in the text, as it was the Islamic State itself that destroyed the archaeological sites.
D) WRONG. Ethnic unity would be the convergence of only one ethnic group standing out in Iraq, which is not the case in this text.
E) WRONG. There is no mention of religions in the passage.
question 20
Residents of Andalsnes, Norway, could afford to live close to work on weekdays and stay in the same house. It would be enough to find a space to park the property before enjoying the new address. Available in: http://casavogue.globo.com. Accessed on: 3 Oct. 2015 (adapted).
Once implemented, this proposal would affect the dynamics of urban space by reducing the intensity of the following process:
a) Rural exodus.
b) Pendular movement.
c) Return migration.
d) Seasonal shift.
e) Occupation of central areas.
Correct alternative: b) Pendular movement.
Commuting is the concept that describes the commuting that individuals who live in the suburbs make to go to work on a daily basis. So that's what describes the situation of this city in Norway.
A) WRONG. Rural exodus refers to people who definitely leave the countryside for the city.
C) WRONG. Return migration comprises people who have migrated temporarily and return to their places of origin.
D) WRONG. Seasonal displacement is a photo of a group going to an area to do work for a season.
E) WRONG. Occupation of central areas is the appropriation of the non-peripheral regions of a city.
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