Grammar: Everything you need to know!

Grammar it is the set of rules that indicate the most correct use of a language.

In the beginning, grammar was only intended to establish rules for writing and reading. That's why the word grammar, of Greek origin (gramma), means “letter”.

Grammar Types

There are 4 types of grammars: normative, descriptive, historical and comparative. At the same time, the grammar of the Portuguese language is divided into phonology, morphology and syntax. In this division, there are grammars that include semantics.

1. Normative

Normative grammar is synonymous with cultured norm. It sets out right and wrong usage as opposed to popular usage.

This is because, despite being understandable, in everyday life, there are serious transgressions to the established model.

This is the official grammar and therefore it is taught in schools.

2. Descriptive

Descriptive grammar analyzes the language, with regard to its oral use, in a specific period of time, that is, it is synchronous.

3. historic

Historical grammar deals precisely with the history of the language over time, from its origins to transformations, that is, it is diachronic.

4. comparative

Comparative grammar studies grammar by making a comparison with grammars belonging to the same language families.

Portuguese belongs to the family of Indo-European languages, which includes italic languages. Examples are Spanish and French.

Grammar Divisions

Phonology

THE phonology studies the behavior and organization of speech sounds. It is divided into:

1. Orthoepy, which studies how words should be pronounced.
2. prosody, which studies how words should receive tonic accent as well as graphic accent.
3. Orthography, which studies how words should be written.

INDEX

Phoneme

• Phoneme and lyrics
• vowel, semivowel and consonant

Syllables

• Syllables
• monosyllables
• Stressed and unstressed syllable
• Stressed Syllable Exercises
• syllable separation
• Oxytone words
• Paroxytone words
• Proparoxytone words

vowel encounters

• vowel encounters
• Diphthong
• Gap
• Triphthong

consonant encounters

• consonant encounters
• Digraph

Graphic accentuation

• Graphic accentuation
• Graphic accentuation exercises
• Acute Accent
• Circumflex accent

lexical notations

• lexical notations
• Use of the hyphen
• Use of c cedilla - ç

Shapes and spellings

• Use of S and Z
• Use of Why, Why, Why and Why
• Down or Down
• about or about
• Up or Up
• the end or the end
• from below or from below
• Too much or too much
• Down or Down
• above or above
• at last or at last
• There is or A
• more or more
• bad or bad
• where and where
• Lose or Lose
• if not or if not
• Session or Section
• Under or Over
• Back or Back
• Travel or Travel
• Company or Company
• Uppercase and lowercase letters: When to use?

And more:

• New Orthographic Agreement of the Portuguese Language
• alphabet types
• International Phonetic Alphabet
• Homonyms and Paronyms
• What are homophone words?

Morphology

THE morphology studies the words in isolation, as well as their structure and formation. It is in this part of the grammar that we know the 10 grammatical classes: noun, verb, adjective, pronoun, article, numeral, preposition, conjunction, interjection and adverb.

INDEX

Structure and formation of words

• word structure
• word formation
• Word formation processes
• morphemes
• Thematic vowel
• Endings
• Prefix and suffix
• parasynthetic derivation
• regressive derivation
• improper derivation
• Word Formation Exercises

Substantive

• nouns
• simple noun
• compound noun
• Simple and compound noun
• Plural of compound nouns
• primitive noun
• Derived noun
• Concrete noun
• Abstract noun
• common noun
• Proper noun
• collective nouns
• Common noun of two genders
• super common noun
• epicene noun
• Noun gender inflection
• Noun number inflection
• Noun degree inflection
• Augmentative and diminutive
• Noun Exercises
• Exercises: simple and compound nouns

Verb

• What is a verb?
• simple times
• Simple times formation
• compound times
• Formation of compound times
• classification of verbs
• Regular and irregular verbs
• Regular verbs
• Irregular verbs
• verbal modes
• Indicative mode
• Verb tenses
• Present tense
• past tense perfect
• Imperfect past tense
• Past perfect past tense
• future of the present
• Future of past tense
• subjunctive mode
• Subjunctive present
• future of the subjunctive
• Imperative mode
• Nominal forms
• Personal infinitive and impersonal infinitive
• Participle
• Gerund
• Auxiliary verbs
• verbal phrase
• Verb to be
• verb to have
• personal verbs
• impersonal verbs
• one-person verbs
• abundant verbs
• anomalous verbs
• defective verbs
• reflexive verbs
• pronominal verbs
• verbal voices
• Active voice
• passive voice
• reflective voice
• Verbal voice exercises
• verb forms

Adjective

• Adjectives
• simple adjective
• homeland adjectives
• Primitive Adjectives and Derivatives
• compound adjective
• Adjective inflection
• biform adjectives
• uniform adjectives
• Adjective degree
• superlative degree
• adjective phrase

Pronoun

• Pronouns
• Personal pronouns
• Personal Pronouns of the Straight Case
• Me and me: for me and for me
• Pronouns treatment
• oblique pronouns
• Unaccented oblique pronoun
• me or me
• Possessive pronouns
• Demonstrative pronouns
• Relative pronouns
• Indefinite Pronouns
• Interrogative pronouns
• Adjective pronouns
• noun pronouns
• reflexive pronouns
• When to use this one or that one?
• pronominal placement
• pronominal placement exercises
• Pronoun exercises

Article

• Definite and indefinite article

Numeral

• Numeral
• Ordinal numbers
• Cardinal numbers
• collective numerals
• Multiplicative numerals
• numbers in full

Preposition

• Preposition
• prepositional phrase

Conjunction

• Conjunction
• Coordinating conjunctions
• Adversative conjunctions
• Subordinate conjunctions
• Conjunctive utterance
• conjunction exercises

Interjection

• Interjection

Adverb

• Adverb
• Adverb classification
• Adverb degree inflections
• adverbial phrase

And more:

• morphological analysis
• Morphology and morphological classes
• Word classes or grammar classes
• What is part of speech?
• Singular and plural
• Morphosyntax
• word class exercises
• Morphology Exercises

Syntax

THE syntax studies words and their function in prayers. Therefore, the syntax analyzes each element present in a linguistic statement and the relationship between them.

INDEX

Introduction

• phrase, prayer and period
• Exercises on sentence, prayer and period
• Simple and compound period
• Constituent terms of the clause

Essential terms of prayer

• Essential terms of prayer
• Subject
• Predicate
• subject and predicate
• subject indeterminacy index
• Passive particle
• subject predicative
• verbal predicate
• Nominal predicate
• Nominal-verb predicate
• verbal predication
• transitive verbs
• direct transitive verb
• Indirect transitive verb
• Direct and indirect transitive verb
• Verbal transitivity exercises
• intransitive verbs

Terms that are part of the sentence

• Terms that are part of the sentence
• verbal complement
• Direct object
• indirect object
• Direct and indirect object
• Predicative of the object
• nominal complement
• liability agent

Accessory terms of prayer

• Accessory terms of prayer
• Adverbial Adjunct
• Adnominal Deputy
• Adjunct exercises
• I bet
• Vocative

compound period

• compound period
• Period composed by coordination
• coordinated prayers
• Coordinated Prayer Exercises
• Period composed of subordination
• Subordinate clauses
• Subordinate substantive clauses
• Substantive Subordinate Prayer Exercises
• Subordinated Adjective Prayer Exercises
• Subordinated adjective clauses
• Adverbial subordinate clauses
• reduced prayers
• Coordinated and subordinate prayers

Agreement

• Verbal and nominal agreement
• Verbal agreement
• Verbal Agreement Exercises
• nominal agreement
• Nominal agreement exercises

Regency

• Verbal Regency
• Verbal Conducting Exercises
• Nominal Regency

placement syntax

• When to use the enclisis
• When to use mesoclisis
• When to use proclisis

And more:

• syntactic function
• Syntax analisys
• Use of backline
• Crasis before hours
• back exercises

Read too:

• Semantics
• pragmatics
• Stylistics
• Portuguese errors
• Figures of Speech Exercises
• Exercises on language functions
• text interpretation exercises