Pre-modernism is a highly charged theme in Enem and in the entrance exam.
To help you study more about this period that marks the transition between Symbolism and Modernism, answer the questions below and clear your doubts with the comments of our professor of Literature.
question 1
The characteristics of Pre-Modernism are:
a) Wealth in detail and exaggeration.
b) Colloquial language.
c) Exaltation of nature.
d) Marginality of characters.
e) Nationalism and Indianism.
Alternatives b) Colloquial language and d) Marginality of characters.
In Pre-Modernism, the language used is simple and colloquial, as well as the literary works are characterized by the presence of characters such as backwoodsmen, rustics and mulattos, among others.
The remaining characteristics belong to the following literary schools:
a) Baroque;
c) Arcadianism;
e) Romanticism.
question 2
Indicate the alternative that contains only pre-modernist authors:
a) Euclides da Cunha, Graça Aranha, Monteiro Lobato.
b) Arianos Suassuna, Graciliano Ramos, Monteiro Lobato.
c) Lima Barreto, José de Anchieta, Euclides da Cunha.
d) José de Anchieta, Santa Rita Durão, Tomás Antônio Gonzaga.
e) Manuel Bandeira, Graciliano Ramos, Clarice Lispector.
Alternative to: Euclides da Cunha, Graça Aranha, Monteiro Lobato.
As for the other authors:
- Ariano Suassuna is a postmodernist;
- Graciliano Ramos, Manuel Bandeira and Clarice Lispector are modernists;
- Lima Barreto is a Pre-Modernist;
- José de Anchieta is a 16th century artist;
- Santa Rita Durão and Tomás Antônio Gonzaga are Arcadeists.
question 3
"Malazarte", "A Aesthetics of Life" and "Correspondence between Machado de Assis and Joaquim Nabuco" were written by which pre-modernist writer?
a) Machado de Assis
b) Grace Spider
c) Paulo Leminski
d) Euclid da Cunha
e) Lima Barreto
Alternative b: Spider Grace.
Graça Aranha, whose most emblematic work is Canaã (1902), is also the author of Malazarte (1914), A Estética da Vida (1921) and Correspondence by Machado de Assis and Joaquim Nabuco (1923).
question 4
Which of these events mark the historical context of Pre-Modernism?
a) Arrival of the Portuguese royal family.
b) Transfer of the capital of Brazil to Salvador.
c) Inconfidence in Minas Gerais.
d) Chibata Revolt.
e) It was Vargas.
In Pre-Modernism (1910-1922), Brazil was experiencing a moment of political turmoil. Among the revolts that took place during this period, we can mention the Chibata Revolt, which was organized by the Brazilian Navy and began on November 22, 1910.
question 5
This pre-modernist was one of the founders of the Brazilian Academy of Letters and broke with it. These are his words: “If the Academy deviates from this regenerating movement, if the Academy does not renew itself, the Academy will die!”. What writer are we talking about?
a) Monteiro Lobato
b) Aluisio de Azevedo
c) Ax of Assisi
d) Grace Spider
e) José Veríssimo
Alternative d: Grace Spider.
Graça Aranha was invited to become a founding member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters (ABL), which he accepted after much insistence by Machado de Assis and Joaquim Nabuco.
Later, trying to intervene in the supposed modernization of the Academy - a proposal that was not accepted -, reflected on the positioning of the ABL and considered that it limited the inspiration of writers. As it did not identify itself with the Academy, it terminated its functions.
question 6
Only one of the statements below does not refer to Canaã, the best known work by Graça Aranha. Indicate which.
a) Its main characters are Milkau and Lentz.
b) Addresses German immigration in Espírito Santo.
c) It narrates the events of the Canudos War.
d) It has ideological discussions as a background.
e) Explores the theme of racism.
Alternative c: Narrates the events of the Canudos War.
The pre-modernist work that narrates the Canudos War is Os Sertões, by Euclides da Cunha. Considered the first Brazilian report, Os Sertões emerged from the coverage of the armed conflict made by Euclides da Cunha at the request of the newspaper O Estado de São Paulo.
question 7
________, author of only one book, Me, died at just 30 years old, and was misunderstood. In a posthumous edition of his book, unpublished poems were released.
The name of the author who completes the above information is:
a) Augusto dos Anjos
b) Sousandrade
c) Clarice Lispector
d) Aluísio de Azevedo
e) Jorge Amado
Alternative to: Augusto dos Anjos.
Augusto dos Anjos (1884-1914) was a poet who was much criticized, especially due to the language used in his poems, characterized by many as morbid. His book, Eu, was published in 1912, and republished in 1919 under the name Eu e Outros Poesias.
question 8
Indicate the correct alternative.
a) For many scholars, Pre-Modernism is not a literary school.
b) Pre-Modernism began with the Week of Modern Art, in 1922.
c) Manuel Bandeira and Graciliano Ramos are Pre-Modernist authors.
d) Os Sertões and Grande Sertão: Veredas are by Euclides da Cunha.
e) Among the main characteristics of Pre-Modernism, we can mention freedom of expression, imprecision and spontaneity.
Alternative to: For many scholars, Pre-Modernism is not a literary school.
This statement is justified by the fact that Pre-Modernism presents a very diversified production that, for some, simply marked the transition between Symbolism and Modernism.
Correction of the remaining alternatives:
b) Modernism began the Week of Modern Art in 1922.
c) Manuel Bandeira and Graciliano Ramos are Modernist authors.
d) Os Sertões is by Euclides da Cunha, while Grande Sertão: Veredas is by Guimarães Rosa.
e) Among the main characteristics of Post-Modernism, we can mention freedom of expression, imprecision and spontaneity.
question 9
(PUC-RS) In the figure of ________, Monteiro Lobato created the symbol of the Brazilian abandoned to his backwardness and misery by the public authorities.
a) The Hair
b) Jeca Armadillo
c) João Miramar
d) Blau Nunes
e) Augusto Matraga
Alternative b: Jeca Tatu.
The character in the book Urupês, by Monteiro Lobato, is a criticism of Brazil. Jeca Tatu is a hillbilly who lives discouraged.
How many of the remaining alternatives:
a) O Cabeleira: protagonist of the homonymous novel, by Franklin Távora, from Ceará.
c) João Miramar: protagonist of the book Sentimental Memories of João Miramar, by Oswald de Andrade.
d) Blau Nunes: protagonist of the Gauchesco Tales, by Simões Lopes Neto.
e) Augusto Matraga: character from the short story A Hora ea Vez by Augusto Matraga, from the book Sagarana, by João Guimarães Rosa.
question 10
(And either)
Psychology of a loser
Me, son of carbon and ammonia,
Monster of darkness and brilliance,
I suffer, since the epigenesis of childhood,
The evil influence of the zodiac signs.
profoundly hypochondriac,
This environment disgusts me…
A yearning analogous to yearning rises to my mouth
That escapes from the mouth of a heartbeat.
Already the worm — this worker from the ruins —
May the rotten blood of carnage
It eats, and to life in general declares war,
Come peeking into my eyes to gnaw them,
And just leave me the hair,
In the cold ignorance of the land!
ANGELS, A. Complete work. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Aguilar, 1994.
The poetry of Augusto dos Anjos reveals aspects of a transitional literature designated as pre-modernist. Regarding the poetics and thematic approach present in the sonnet, marks of this transitional literature are identified, such as
a) the form of the sonnet, the metered verses, the presence of rhymes and the refined vocabulary, in addition to skepticism, which anticipate aesthetic concepts prevailing in Modernism.
b) the commitment of the lyrical self to rescue Symbolist poetry, manifested in metaphors such as “Monster of darkness and reluctance” and “bad influence of the signs of the zodiac”.
c) the lexical selection borrowed from scientism, as one reads in “carbon and ammonia”, “infancy epigenesis” and “cold ignorance”, which restores the naturalistic view of man.
d) the maintenance of formal elements linked to the aesthetics of Parnassianism and Symbolism, scaled by innovation in poetic expressiveness, and existential disconcertion.
e) the emphasis on the process of constructing a descriptive and at the same time philosophical poetry, which incorporates moral and scientific values later renewed by the modernists.
Alternative d: the maintenance of formal elements linked to the aesthetics of Parnassianism and Symbolism, scaled by innovation in poetic expressiveness, and existential disconcertion.
Augusto do Anjos is a symbolist author, however, there are several characteristics of Parnassianism present in his work, such as aesthetic concern, revealed through meter.
question 11
(UFR) "Fierce critic of Modernism, great encourager of the dissemination of culture, defender of national values and wealth; known, particularly, for his great children's work, in which the characters from the Sítio do Picapau Amarelo stand out."
The name of the author referred to in the above statement is:
a) Lima Barreto
b) José Lins do Rego
c) Monteiro Lobato
d) Mario de Andrade
e) Cassiano Ricardo
Alternative c: Monteiro Lobato.
Monteiro Lobato is one of the greatest children's authors. That's why, in his honor, the day of his birth is the National Children's Book Day.
His best known work is O Sítio do Picapau Amarelo.
question 12
(PUC-SP)
"He would die, maybe that night? And what had he done with his life? nothing. He had taken all of it behind the mirage of studying the country, for loving it and loving it very well, in order to contribute to its happiness and prosperity. He had spent his youth on it, his manhood too; and now that he was in old age, how did she reward him, how did she reward him, how did she condemn him? killing him. And what had he not failed to see, to enjoy, to enjoy, in his life? Everything. He didn't play, he didn't play, he didn't love – all that side of existence that seems to escape his necessary sadness a little, he hadn't seen, he hadn't tasted, he hadn't experienced.
For eighteen years such patriotism had absorbed him and he had done the folly of studying useless things. What did the rivers matter to him? Were they big? For if they were... How would it contribute to your happiness to know the names of Brazil's heroes? In nothing... The important thing is that he had been happy. Was? Do not. He remembered his Tupi causes, folklore, his agricultural attempts... Was there a sophistication left in all of this in your soul? None! None!"
(Lima Barreto)
The works of the author of this excerpt belong to the literary period called Pre-Modernism. Such designation for this period is justified, because he:
a) develops themes of nationalism and links to the European vanguards.
b) encompasses all the literary production that took place before Modernism.
c) thematically and formally anticipates modernist manifestations.
d) is concerned with the study of races and cultures that make up the Brazilian Northeast.
e) prepares the stylistic achievements of Modernism through the irreverence of its language.
Alternative c: thematically and formally anticipates modernist manifestations.
Pre-Modernism is not considered a literary school, but a transition period between Symbolism and Modernism, a moment that is surrounded by the spirit of artistic renewal. In Modernism, there is a break with traditionalism (aesthetic liberation, appreciation of everyday life, language with humor).
In his works, characterized by their satirical and humorous content, Lima Barreto addresses the social theme.
question 13
(FCC-BA) Making a parallel between Os Sertões, by Euclides da Cunha, and Grande Sertão: Veredas, by Guimarães Rosa, it can be said:
a) In both works, the scientific spirit predominates, with aspects of the Brazilian reality being analyzed.
b) Both are set in the sertão of northern Brazil, with numerous references to flora and fauna.
c) Both works, creations by authors endowed with genius, greatly enriched our regional fiction literature.
d) Both have as their main objective to denounce our underdevelopment, revealing the physical and moral misery of the man from the sertão.
e) Each having its own stylistic peculiarities, both are the product of intense language elaboration.
Alternative e: Each having its own stylistic peculiarities, both are the product of intense language elaboration.
With regard to these works, it is important to emphasize:
Os Sertões is a historical account referring to the Canudos War. Euclides da Cunha's most emblematic work, she criticizes nationalism through the use of scientific language.
It is divided into three parts: The Earth, The Man and The Fight. In the first part, a geographical study is carried out, which describes aspects of fauna and flora, among others.
In turn, Grande Sertão: Veredas, the main work of João Guimarães Rosa, and winner of several awards, is a novel narrated in colloquial language. In it, the protagonist reflects on his life.
The work is divided into two volumes and has over 600 pages.
question 14
(UEL) Tick the incorrect alternative about Pre-Modernism:
a) It was not characterized as a literary school with well-defined aesthetic principles, but as a period of prefiguration of thematic and linguistic innovations of Modernism.
b) Some avant-garde currents from the beginning of the 20th century, such as Futurism and Cubism, had a great influence on our pre-modernist writers, especially in poetry.
c) Both Lima Barreto and Monteiro Lobato are significant names in pre-modernist literature produced in the early years of the 20th century, as they problematize the cultural and social reality of the Brazil.
d) Euclides da Cunha, with the work "Os Sertões", goes beyond the merely documentary account of the battle of Canudos to focus on human problems and reveal the tragic face of the Brazilian nation.
e) In Lima Barreto's novels, in addition to social criticism, criticism of academicism and the inflated and empty language of the Parnassians can be observed, a trait that reveals the writer's modern posture.
Alternative b: Some avant-garde currents of the early 20th century, such as Futurism and Cubism, had a great influence on our pre-modernist writers, especially in poetry.
The European avant-gardes directly influenced Modernism, beginning in 1922. The period marked by Pre-Modernism comprises the years 1910 - 1922.
question 15
(Fatec-SP) Check the incorrect alternative.
a) In the first twenty years of this century, Brazilian literary production is marked by diversities, including the at the same time, works that question the social reality and works aimed at the commonplaces inherited from authors above.
b) It can be said that one of Euclides da Cunha's modern traits is his commitment to his time problems.
c) The importance of Lima Barreto's work lies in the level of content, from which its polemical character is revealed; careless language, however, reveals little aesthetic awareness, due to his precarious literary education.
d) The Parnassian style remains influencing authors and characterizing much of the poetic work written during the pre-modernist period.
e) Graça Aranha is part of the most significant group of writers in Pre-Modernism. In the years prior to the Modern Art Week, Graça Aranha intervened in favor of the artistic renewal proposed by modernist writers.
Alternative c: The importance of Lima Barreto's work lies in the level of content, from which its polemical character is revealed; careless language, however, reveals little aesthetic awareness, due to his precarious literary education.
Lima Barreto was orphaned at the age of 6, having been sponsored by the Visconde de Ouro Preto, who provided him with good study conditions.
He is one of the main authors of Pre-Modernism. His work presents a colloquial and fluid language, where the classic Triste Fim de Policarpo Quaresma stands out.
question 16
(UFRGS) Lima Barreto is an author who is characterized by creating types:
a) rustic, linked to the countryside.
b) aristocrats, linked to the countryside.
c) aristocrats, linked to the city.
d) bourgeois, linked to the city.
e) popular, linked to the suburbs.
Alternative e: popular, linked to the suburbs.
The colloquial language used by Lima Barreto is a consequence of the gallery of popular characters created by him. Policarpo Quaresma and Isaías Caminha are examples of this.
question 17
(And either)
The death of a child is a day of celebration. The guitars resound in the poor parents' hut, jubilant through their tears; refereve the turbulent samba; The matches of the challenges vibrate in the air, strong, while, in a band, between two carnauba candles, crowned with flowers, the exposed little angel mirrors, in the last paralyzed smile, the supreme happiness of the return to the heavens, to eternal happiness — which is the dominating concern of those naive and primitives.
WEDGE, Euclid da. The Sertões: Canudos campaign. Commemorative edition of the 90th year of launch. Rio de Janeiro: Ediouro, 1992, p. 78.
In this description of regional custom,
a) linguistic variant that portrays the typical speech of the country people.
b) the scientific language, through which the author denounces the Brazilian reality.
c) the colloquial modality of language, emphasizing expressions that translate the speech of marginalized human types.
d) literary language, in the standard mode of language, through which the unofficial Brazil of the caboclos and the sertão is shown.
e) linguistic variety typical of domestic speech, through words and expressions that realistically recreate the family atmosphere.
Alternative d: literary language, in the standard mode of language, through which the unofficial Brazil of the caboclos and the sertão is shown.
How many of the remaining alternatives:
a) There is no characteristic of the Sertanejo dialect. "Guri" or "guria" are examples of words that would demonstrate the use of a local word.
b) Although the scientific language was used in this work by Euclides da Cunha, there is also no scientific language in the description in question.
c) and e) As for the colloquial modality or typical language of domestic speech, there is also no evidence of its use regarding the excerpt above.
question 18
(UNITAU)
"Only he doesn't speak, doesn't sing, doesn't laugh, doesn't love. Only he, in the midst of so much life, doesn't live."
The above comments are addressed by Monteiro Lobato:
a) to the northeast.
b) to the minor.
c) to the sertão.
d) the caboclo.
e) to São Paulo.
Alternative d: to caboclo.
This is how the work Urupês, by Monteiro Lobato, ends. The work, starring Jeca Tatu, deals with the life of the Brazilian caboclo.
question 19
(Vunesp) Volume containing twelve stories taken from the interior of São Paulo, it was quoted by Rui Barbosa, in a speech to the Senate, pointing out the character Jeca Tatu as the prototype of the Brazilian peasant. Point out the author and his work:
a) Monteiro Lobato - Urupês
b) Lima Barreto - Cemetery of the Living
c) Monteiro Lobato - Dead cities
d) Coelho Neto - Wildfire
e) Euclides da Cunha - Contrasts and confrontations
Alternative to: Monteiro Lobato - Urupês.
Jeca Tatu is one of the most popular characters in Monteiro Lobato. Through it, the author denounces public health problems, such as yellowing, a disease that the character suffers from.
Thus, years after the release of Urupês (1918), Jeca Tatuzinho began to be used to teach children about hygiene.
question 20
(Cesmac) Engineer and social essayist, Euclides da Cunha (1866-1909) is the author of one of the classic works of the social interpretation of Brazil: Os sertões (1902). It is correct to state what follows about this work.
a) Os sertões contains colloquial, clear and denoting prose.
b) Os sertões deals with the War of Canudos, in Bahia.
c) Os sertões deals with the Contestado War, in Alagoas.
d) Os sertões narrates the life of the Counselor and Lampião.
e) Os sertões is a book that makes the vehement defense of the Monarchy.
Alternative b: Os sertões addresses the Canudos War, in Bahia.
It is a historical report that Euclides da Cunha wrote following the invitation of the Jornal Estado de São Paulo to cover the Canudos War, which took place between 1893 and 1897.
question 21
(And either)
nigga
Negrinha was a poor seven-year-old orphan. Black? No; Beetle, a dark mulatto woman, with red hair and frightened eyes.
She had been born in the slave quarters, of a slave mother, and her early years had lived in the dark corners of the kitchen, on an old mat and filthy rags. Always hidden, the mistress did not like children.
Excellent lady, the mistress. Fat, rich, owner of the world, pampered by priests, with a right place in the church and a luxury box reserved in heaven.
With the baths wedged into the throne (a rocking chair in the dining room), there she was embroidering, she received her friends and the vicar, giving audiences, discussing the weather. A virtuous lady in short “a lady of great apostolic virtues, a mainstay of religion and morals”, said the reverend.
Great, the owner Inacia.
But he wouldn't admit children's crying. There! It put her nerves raw.
[...]
The excellent Dona Inacia was a master in the art of treating children. She came from slavery, she had been a master of slaves and of those ferocious ones, friends to hear the cake sing and crack the cod. This black equal indecency had never been committed to the new regime.
LOBATO, M. Black girl. In: MORICONE, I. The hundred best Brazilian tales of the century. Rio de Janeiro: Objective, 2000 (fragment).
The narrative focuses on a social-historical moment of contradictory values. This contradiction is inferred, in the context, by the
a) lack of rapprochement between the girl and the lady, worried about her friends.
b) the lady's receptivity towards the priests, but inelegant towards the blessed.
c) irony of the priest about the lady, who was perverse with children.
d) resistance of the lady in accepting the freedom of black people, evidenced at the end of the text.
e) rejection of servants by the lady, who preferred to treat them with punishment.
Alternative d: resistance of the lady in accepting the freedom of black people, evidenced at the end of the text.
The resistance to accepting the end of slavery is attested in the following sentence: "This indecency of Equal black." This attitude contradicts the fact that she is considered "a lady of great apostolic virtues, a mainstay of religion and moral".
question 22
(And either)
For eighteen years such patriotism had absorbed him and he had done the folly of studying useless things. Or what did the rivers matter to him? Were they big? Because they were... How did it contribute to your happiness to know the names of Brazil's heroes? In nothing... The important thing was that he had been happy. Was? Do not. He remembered the Tupi things, the folk-lore, his agricultural attempts... Was all of that left in his soul a satisfaction? None! None!
The Tupi found general disbelief, laughter, mockery, mockery; and drove him crazy. A disappointment. And agriculture? Nothing. The lands were not wild and it was not easy as the books said. Another disappointment. And when his patriotism became a combatant, what did he think? Disappointments. Where was the sweetness of our people? For he saw her fight like wild beasts? Didn't he see her killing prisoners, countless? Another disappointment. His life was a disappointment, a series, better, a chain of disappointments.
The homeland he had wanted to have was a myth; a ghost created by him in the silence of his office.
BARRETO, L. Sad end of Policarpo Quaresma. Available at: www.dominiopubIico.gov.br. Accessed on: Nov. 8 2011.
The novel Triste fim de Policarpo Quaresma, by Lima Barreto, was published in 1911. In the highlighted fragment, the character's reaction to the unfolding of his patriotic initiatives shows that
a) Policarpo Quaresma's dedication to the knowledge of Brazilian nature led him to study useless things, but it allowed him a broader vision of the country.
b) Curiosity in relation to the heroes of the country led him to the ideal of prosperity and democracy that the character finds in the republican context.
c) The construction of a homeland from mythical elements, such as the cordiality of the people, the richness of the soil and linguistic purity, leads to ideological frustration.
d) The Brazilian's propensity for laughter, for mockery, justifies the reaction of disappointment and giving up by Policarpo Quaresma, who prefers to hide in his office.
e) The certainty of land fertility and unconditional agricultural production is part of an ideological salvationist project, as it was disseminated in the author's time.
Alternative c: The construction of a homeland from mythical elements, such as the cordiality of the people, the richness of the soil and linguistic purity, leads to ideological frustration.
The frustration of Policarp, a strong nationalist, is demonstrated in several moments in the passage above: "Nothing", "No", "None", answers given to his own questions.
The second paragraph repeats the word "disappointment" several times, until the final sentence confirms that his mythical stance on Brazil was now frustrating: "The homeland he wanted to have was a myth; a ghost created by him in the silence of his office.".
question 23
(UPF)
In Sad End of Policarpo Quaresma, the main character, in the moments before his death, concludes that all his projects had resulted in successive disappointments and that the homeland he had idealized had not existed. In these moments, the protagonist's ________ and the narrator's ________ provide the reader with the possibility of becoming aware of such conclusions.
The alternative that correctly completes the gaps in the previous text is:
a) pride - omniscience
b) patriotism - omniscience
c) sadness - pride
d) sadness - patriotism
e) reflection - omniscience
Alternative e: reflection - omniscience.
This excerpt shows us Quaresma's reflection: "And, thinking about it, even in its purity, what was the Fatherland? Wouldn't he have lived his whole life guided by an illusion, by one less idea, without base, without support, by a God or a goddess whose empire was fading away? "
The Sad End of Policarpo Quaresma is narrated in the third person. The narrator is omniscient, knowing in this way all the details of the plot, as can be seen in this excerpt: "And it was like that every day, almost thirty years ago. Living in his own house and having other incomes besides his salary, Major Quaresma could take a train of life superior to its bureaucratic resources, enjoying, on the part of the neighborhood, the consideration and respect of a man wealthy."
question 24
(Mackenzie)
The central plateau of Brazil descends, on the southern coasts, in unbroken, high and abrupt cliffs. Overwhelm the seas; and it is unleashed on plateaus leveled by the visos of the maritime ranges, stretched from Rio Grande to Minas. But as it drifts to the northern lands it gradually decreases in altitude as it descends to the coast. oriental in floors, or repeated terraces, that strip it of its primitive grandeur, moving it considerably away from the interior.
So that those who go around it, heading north, observe remarkable changes in relief: at first the continuous and dominant trace of the mountains, prelining it, with prominent prominence, on the line projecting the beaches, then, in the segment of the seafront between Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo, a revolted coastal apparatus, made of the disjointed span of the mountain ranges, strewn with ridges and eroded by creeks, and breaking up into bays, and dividing into islands, and crumbling into bare reefs, like the rubble of the centuries-old conflict there waged between the seas and the land; then, transposing the 15th parallel, the attenuation of all accidents - hills that round and they soften the lines of the slopes, divided into hills with indistinct slopes on the widening horizon; until, in the middle of the coastline of Bahia, the gaze, free from the screens of mountain ranges that until then repulse and shorten it, it expands fully to the west, plunging into the very heart of the vast land slowly emerging in a distant ripple of stoned...
This geographic facies summarizes the morphogenesis of the great continental massif.
Euclid da Cunha, the Sertões.
Mark the INCORRECT alternative on the historical and literary context of the pre-modernist prose to which the fragment from Os Sertões belongs.
a) Pre-modernist prose writers produced a literature that problematized the Brazilian reality of their time.
b) Among the pre-modernist themes is the underdevelopment of the northeastern hinterland.
c) The social investigation present in pre-modernist prose contributes to the deepening of the national prideful feeling.
d) The prose of the time is marked by works of analysis and social interpretation that are significant for Brazilian literature.
e) Pre-modernism formally or thematically anticipated practices and ideas that were developed by the modernists.
Alternative c: The social investigation present in pre-modernist prose contributes to the deepening of the national prideful feeling.
One of the most striking features of Pre-Modernism is the exposure and denunciation of Brazilian social reality, contemporaneity, historical and nationalist themes.
The Sad End of Policarpo Quaresma is a good example of this, since it contains an analysis of our society. Lima Barreto makes social accusations due to his protagonist's excessive patriotism.
question 25
(ITA) Check the alternative that adequately labels the treatment given to the indigenous element, in the novels O Guarani, by José de Alencar, and Triste fim, by Policarpo Quaresma, by Lima Barreto, respectively:
a) Exalted nationalism, caricatural nationalism.
b) Nationalist idolatry, national defeatism.
c) Aversion to the colonizer, aversion to progress.
d) Aversion to the colonizer, national defeatism.
e) Exalted nationalism, aversion to progress.
Alternative to: Exalted Nationalism, Caricatural Nationalism.
O Guarani, by José de Alencar, is a work located in the first phase of Romanticism. At this moment, nationalism is characterized by the romantic tone, which results in the fact that the Indian is seen as a national hero.
The Sad End of Policarpo Quaresma, by Lima Barreto, is a work of Pre-Modernism. In it, it is easy to identify the ironic tone used by the author with regard to exacerbated nationalism.
question 26
(Unifesp) During bureaucratic leisure, he studied, but he studied the country, in its natural resources, its history, its geography, its literature and its politics. Quaresma knew the species of minerals, plants and animals that Brazil contained; he knew the value of gold, the diamonds exported by Minas, the Dutch wars, the battles of Paraguay, the springs and the course of all rivers.
(...)
This part had been dedicated to Tupi-Guarani for a year. Every morning, before the "Dawn with its pink fingers made way for the blond Febo", he would dock until the lunch with Montoya, Arte y diccionario de la lengua guarani ó más bien tupi, and I studied the caboclo jargon with zeal and passion. At the office, the small employees, clerks and clerks, having heard of his study of the Tupiniquim language, gave no known reason to call him – Ubirajara. Once, the clerk Azevedo, when signing the point, absentmindedly, without noticing who was behind him, said in a shocking tone: “Have you seen that today the Is Ubirajara late?" Quaresma was considered at Arsenal: his age, his illustration, the modesty and honesty of his life required him to respect all. Feeling that the nickname was aimed at him, he did not lose his dignity, did not burst into anger and insults. He straightened up, fixed his pince-nez, raised his index finger in the air and replied:
— Senhor Azevedo, don't be frivolous. He does not want to ridicule those who work in silence, for the greatness and emancipation of the Fatherland.
Vocabulary: clerks: clerks; hurts: injuries.
(Sad end of Policarpo Quaresma, by Lima Barreto)
Examine the sentence: There was a year to this part that was dedicated to the Tupi-Guarani.
a) In the work as a whole, what relationship is there between nationalism and the study of Tupi-Guarani?
Policarpo Quaresma is the portrait of an exaggerated nationalist. Thus, he even made a request to the National Congress asking that Tupi-Guarani be declared an official and national language:
"Furthermore, Honorable Members, Tupi-Guarani, a very original, agglutinating language, is the only one capable of translating our beauties, of putting us in relationship with the our nature and adapt perfectly to our vocal and brain organs, as it is the creation of people who lived here and still live here, therefore possessors of the physiological and psychological organization to which we tend, thus avoiding the sterile grammatical controversies arising from a difficult adaptation of a language from another region to our brain organization and our vocal apparatus - controversies that so hinder the progress of our scientific and philosophical."
b) As for the sense, explain the use of the verb form dedicated and justify your answer with an expression present in the text.
"Dedicava" is in the imperfect tense of the indicative, tense that indicates something unfinished. This means that Policarpo Quaresma began his Tupi studies, but had not finished:
"Every morning, before 'Dawn, with her pink fingers made way for the blond Phoebus,' he moored until lunch with Montoya, Arte y diccionario de la lengua guaraní ó más bien tupí, and studied the caboclo jargon with determination and passion."
question 27
(Mackenzie) Major Quaresma hadn't left his house for ten days. I studied the Indians. It's not right to say “I studied”, because I had already done it some time ago (...). He recalled (it is better to say so), affirmed certain notions of his previous studies, since he was organizing a system of ceremonies and parties that was based on the customs of our foresters and encompassed all relationships social. (...) The conviction that he had always had of Brazil being the first country in the world and his great love for his country were now active and impelled him to great commitments.
Lima Barreto
In the previous fragment,
a) the protagonist, freely weaving comments, presents to the reader the actions and intentions of the quixotic character.
b) the narrator is concerned with accuracy when reporting the actions of the idealizing protagonist.
c) the narrator expresses his doubts about the facts that occurred, due to his lack of knowledge of the focused universe.
d) the narrator-character, by establishing a parallel between the Major's past and present, expresses his disappointment at the dreamer's naivete.
e) the narrator-character announces the tragic end of the protagonist and mocks his fanciful and idealistic profile.
Alternative b: the narrator is concerned with accuracy when reporting the actions of the idealizing protagonist.
The narrator's concern is attested in his explanations or corrections to what he reports "I studied the Indians. It's not right to say “I studied”, because I had already done it some time ago (...). I remembered (it's better to put it that way)".
The work in question is narrated in the third person, and the narrator, omniscient, knows all its details.
question 28
(UFSC)
Based on TEXT 1, and on the work of Euclides da Cunha, mark the CORRECT proposition(s).
01. Text 1 is an example of how the sertanejo is also described in other passages of the book Os sertões and confirms the consecrated phrase of Euclides da Cunha: “The sertanejo is above all a fort”, p. 115.
02. Euclides da Cunha's narrative proposes an antithesis between the physical or material strength of the army and the strength of the sertanejo, adapted to the conditions of their place and supported by religious beliefs.
04. When he states that “other measures were needed” (line 17), as all that arsenal was not enough for them, the narrator means that the soldiers appealed to the “quiet and clear skies” (line 14).
08. There are two opposing planes that describe the two unequal sides of the struggle in Canudos. On the one hand, the army of São Sebastião and, on the other, the sertanejos with their ruins, in the shearing of torn and broken images.
16. The construction of the text through paradoxes such as "the setbacks made us hard, made them stronger, made them hard for defeat" (lines 27-29) confirms one of the characteristics of the work: the presence of contrasting elements as a result of ideas antagonistic.
32. The correct “psychology of war” (line 27), applied by the army, was not enough for the capture of Canudos, since the sertanejos reversed it.
The correct propositions are 01, 02, 16 and 32 (below), whose sum is 51:
01. Text 1 is an example of how the sertanejo is also described in other passages of the book Os sertões and confirms the consecrated phrase of Euclides da Cunha: “The sertanejo is above all a fort”, p. 115.
02. Euclides da Cunha's narrative proposes an antithesis between the physical or material strength of the army and the strength of the sertanejo, adapted to the conditions of their place and supported by religious beliefs.
16. The construction of the text through paradoxes such as "the setbacks made us hard, made them stronger, made them hard for defeat" (lines 27-29) confirms one of the characteristics of the work: the presence of contrasting elements as a result of ideas antagonistic.
32. The correct “psychology of war” (line 27), applied by the army, was not enough for the capture of Canudos, since the sertanejos reversed it.
Euclides da Cunha's sentence attests to the veracity of proposition 1.
Blessed Antônio Conselheiro was the leader of Arraial de Canudos, the community that was destroyed in the war. Through religion, he represented hope for the sertanejos.
The presence of antagonistic ideas is a constant in this work by Euclides da Cunha. This can be seen, for example, in the comparison made between sertanejos and jagunços.
The only wrong proposition is 8.
question 29
(Mackenzie) "Euclides da Cunha died, at the age of 43, on August 15, 1909, around half past ten in a rainy Sunday morning, in a shootout with the cadets Dinorá and Dilermando Cândido de Assis, lover of his women. On the same day, he left the interview he had given to Viriato Corrêa, from the Brazilian Illustration, at his house on Rua Nossa Senhora de Copacabana. The interview was given on a Sunday, Viriato and Euclides talked, had lunch and walked barefoot on the beach. It was sun and it was blue."
Roberto Ventura
The text
a) is contradictory when describing the weather conditions on the day of Euclides da Cunha's death (a rainy morning/it was sunny and it was blue)
b) opposes a series of negative personal facts to positive weather conditions.
c) describes three important events (death, publication and interview) that have the same temporal duration.
d) narrates, in chronological order, relevant events in the biography of Euclides da Cunha.
e) recovers elements of the organization of Os Sertões, by relating facts related to man and environmental conditions.
Alternative e: recovers elements of the organization of Os Sertões, by relating facts relating to man and environmental conditions.
In Os Sertões, environmental conditions determine man. Likewise, the text talks about death, the publication and the interview mentioning the climatic aspects of these occasions: "rainy Sunday morning", "Sunday", "It was sun and it was blue".
question 30
(UFPB)
Astrology
My star is not that of Bethlehem:
The one that awaits the pilgrim.
not caring about any destination
My star goes further…
- My God, what does this boy have? -
Already suspected since I was little.
What I have? It's a star in madness…
And we disagreed very well!
And when everything seemed haphazard
And in these missteps I lost
I found myself many times…
I fear it's a betrayal of instinct
May release me, by chance, one day
From this enchanted old labyrinth
(FURTHDAY, Mario. Pocket Quintana. Porto Alegre: L&P, 1997, p. 102).
The influence of the stars in the lives of men is also present in the following verses by the poet Augusto dos Anjos:
"I, son of carbon and ammonia,
Monster of darkness and brilliance,
I suffer, since the epigenesis of childhood,
The bad influence of the signs of the zodiac.”
(Psychology of a loser. In: ANGELS, Augusto dos. The best poems by Augusto dos Anjos. São Paulo: Global, 1997, p. 51).
Comparing the poem Astrologia, by Mario Quintana, with the verses of Augusto dos Anjos, consider the following statements:
I. In the verses of Augusto dos Anjos and in the poem by Mario Quintana, there is a pessimistic view of matter, life and the cosmos.
II. In Mario Quintana's poem, the restlessness in relation to destiny does not assume an anguished tone, as can be seen in the verses of Augusto dos Anjos.
III. Mario Quintana's poem and Augusto dos Anjos' verses express the pain of existing and a deep disbelief in human life.
Is(are) correct(s):
a) all
b) none
c) only I and II
d) only I and III
e) only II and III
f) only II
Alternative f: only II.
Mario Quintana, modernist author, is the "poet of simple things" because love, nature, things considered simple, are the poet's favorite themes.
In turn, Augusto dos Anjos, symbolist author, is known as the "poet of death" due to his pessimism and the dark themes he addresses.
See too: Augusto dos Anjos
question 31
(Fuvest) In Policarpo Quaresma's novel Triste Fim, the main character's exalted and delirious nationalism motivates her engagement in three different projects, which aim to “reform” the country. These projects aim, successively, at the following sectors of national life:
a) school, agricultural and military;
b) linguistic, industrial, and military;
c) cultural, agricultural and political;
d) linguistic, political and military;
e) culture, industrial and political.
Alternative c: cultural, agricultural and political.
On the cultural issue, Quaresma is concerned with Tupi and aims for its recognition as the official language:
"Using the right conferred on him by the Constitution, he comes to ask the National Congress to decree Tupi-Guarani as the official and national language of the Brazilian people."
As for agricultural and political projects, the character aims for the reform of both:
"I'll do what you say: plant, raise, cultivate corn, beans, English potatoes... You will see my crops, my vegetable garden, and my orchard - then you will be convinced how fertile our lands are!"
A serious and honest man, Policarpo recognizes that the problem in politics is corruption:
"Since he was a young man, around twenty, the love of his country took him all over. It hadn't been ordinary, chattering, empty love; it had been a serious, grave, and absorbing feeling. No political or administrative ambitions; what Quaresma thought, or rather: what patriotism made him think was an entire knowledge of Brazil, leading him to meditations on its resources, and then pointing out the remedies, the progressive measures, with full knowledge of cause."
question 32
(FEI) One of the works cited below was written by Lima Barreto. Tick it:
a) Canaan
b) The backlands
c) Sad end of Policarpo Lent
it gave
e) Urupese
Alternative c: Sad end of Polycarp Lent.
How many of the remaining alternatives:
a) Canaan, written by Graça Aranha.
b) Os sertões, written by Euclides da Cunha.
d) I, written by Augusto dos Anjos.
e) Urupês, written by Monteiro Lobato.
question 33
(UEL) In the first two decades of our century, the works of Euclides da Cunha and Lima Barreto, so different from each other, have as a common element:
a) the intention to portray Brazil in an optimistic and idealizing way.
b) the adoption of the colloquial language of the popular layers of the sertão.
c) the expression of aspects hitherto neglected in the Brazilian reality.
d) the practice of a radical linguistic experimentalism.
e) the conservative style of the old romantic regionalism.
Alternative c: the expression of previously neglected aspects of the Brazilian reality.
Examples of this are Os Sertões, by Euclides da Cunha, and Triste Fim, by Policarpo Quaresma, by Lima Barreto.
