Literary schools: summary of Brazilian literary schools

Literary Schools are the ways in which literature is divided according to the characteristics presented in each one of them. This division depends, among other aspects, mainly on historical moments.

Also called literary movements, literary schools are divided into eras, which are: colonial era and national era.

Colonial Age Schools

The schools of the colonial era reflect the influence of Portuguese literature, after all, it emerged with the discovery of Brazil up to a few years before its independence.

Schools	Features	Authors and Works
16th century (1500 - 1601)	Informational and pedagogical texts.	Pero Vaz de Caminha - Letter by Pero Vaz de Caminha to el-rei D. Manuel Gandavo - Land Treaty of Brazil José de Anchieta - Poem to the Virgin
Baroque (1601 - 1768)	It is characterized by details, exaggeration and refinement. In it, cultism and conceptism stand out.	Gregory of Matos - sad Bahia Bento Teixeira - Prosopopoeia Botelho de Oliveira - music from parnassus
Arcadianism (1768 - 1808)	Exaltation of nature and simple language. This literary period is mainly marked by the simplicity of the topics covered.	Cláudio Manuel da Costa - Poetic Works Santa Rita Durão - Caramuru Tomás Antônio Gonzaga - Marília de Dirceu

Learn about colonial-era literary schools:

• 16th century
• Baroque
• Arcadianism

Between the years 1808 and 1836 there is a transition phase.

National Era Schools

The schools of the national era are characterized by the autonomy of Brazilian literature, whose country, at that time, is already independent.

Schools	Features	Authors and Works
Romanticism (1836 - 1881)	Each of the phases of Romanticism has different characteristics: 1st phase: nationalism and indianism 2nd phase: self-centeredness and pessimism 3rd phase: freedom	1st phase: Gonçalves Dias - Song of Exile 2nd phase: Álvares de Azevedo - Twenty Years Lira 3rd phase: Castro Alves - the slave ship
Realism Naturalism Parnassianism (1881 - 1893)	Realism: objectivity, social theme, objective language Naturalism: language closer to colloquial, controversial theme Parnassianism: art for art's sake, cult of form	Realism: Machado de Assis - The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas Naturalism: Aluísio de Azevedo - the mulatto Parnassianism: Olavo Bilac - Verification Treaty
Symbolism (1893 - 1910)	Subjectivism, spirituality and mysticism are characteristics that reflect the style of this school.	Cruz e Sousa - Tropes and Costumes Alphonsus de Guimarães - Kyriale Augusto dos Anjos - Me
pre-modernism (1910 - 1922)	Pre-Modernism breaks with academicism, in addition to what is marked by the marginality of its characters.	Euclid da Cunha - the Sertões Lima Barreto - Sad End of Polycarp Lent Spider Grace - Canaan
Modernism (1922 - 1950)	Modernism is divided into three phases, characterized by: 1st phase: aesthetic renovation, radicalism 2nd phase: nationalist themes 3rd phase: linguistic innovations and artistic experiments	1st phase: Manuel Bandeira - Debauchery 2nd phase: Graciliano Ramos - Dried lives 3rd phase: Clarice Lispector - The Foreign Legion
Postmodernism (1950 - until today)	Spontaneity, artistic freedom, multiplicity of styles and combination of trends are the main marks of this literary school.	Ariano Suassuna - Compadecida's Report Millôr Fernandes - Definitive Millôr: The Bible of Chaos Paulo Leminski - Now it's them

Learn about the literary schools of the national era:

• Romanticism
• Realism
• Naturalism
• Parnassianism
• Symbolism
• pre-modernism
• Modernism
• Postmodernism

Read too:

• Literary Movements
• Period Styles
• Origins of Brazilian Literature
• Characteristics of Contemporary Brazilian Literature