THE It was Vargas (1930-1945) was a period rich in political, cultural and economic transformations in Brazil.
Therefore, it is one of the most demanded themes in Enem and in Vestibulars across the country.
With that in mind, we made a collection of 15 questions about this subject for you to review and rock the exams.
Good study!
question 1
(Enem/2017) In the early years of the Vargas government, workers' organizations under the control of leftist currents tried to oppose their inclusion by the State. But the attempt failed. In addition to the government, the very base of these organizations pressed for legalization. Several benefits, such as vacations and the possibility of claiming rights before the Conciliation and Judgment Boards, depended on being a member of a union recognized by the government.
FAUSTO, B. Concise history of Brazil. São Paulo: Edusp; Official State Press, 2002 (adapted).
In the historical context portrayed by the text, the relationship between government and the union movement was characterized
a) the recognition of different political ideologies.
b) by a democratically constituted dialogue.
c) for the social benefits of Getulism.
d) by the linkage of labor rights to the tutelage of the State
e) by a legislation constructed consensually..
Correct alternative: d) by linking labor rights to the tutelage of the State.
Unions were essential for the construction of workers' rights in the Vargas era, as they became an instrument of the government to make labor legislation.
Alternatives A and B are wrong because there is no democracy in this period. Also C and E are not correct because the text does not mention what was written in these options.
Question 2
(Enem/2017) There are, as is known, two presidential candidates, Messrs. Eduardo Gomes and Eurico Dutra, and one third, Mr. Getúlio Vargas, who must be the candidate of some hidden political group, but is also the candidate popular. Because there are two “we want”: the “we want” of those who want to see if they remain in the positions and the popular “we want”… After all, what is Mr. Getúlio Vargas? Is he a fascist? Is he a communist? Are you an atheist? Is he a Christian? Wanna go out? Want to stay? The people, however, seem to like him for that very reason, because he is “house style”.
Democracy. 16 sept. 1945. apud GOMES. B.C.; D’ARAÚJO, M. Ç. Getulism and Labour. São Paulo: Attica. 1989.
The political movement mentioned in the text was characterized by
a) demand confirmation of labor rights.
b) support the permanence of the Estado Novo dictatorship.
c) rescue the representation of unions under social control.
d) claim the constitutional transition under the influence of the ruler.
e) claim the participation of party associations.
Correct alternative: d) claim the constitutional transition under the influence of the ruler.
In 1945, with Brazil's participation in World War II, the internal contradictions of the Vargas dictatorship increased. Several sectors asked for presidential elections and many candidates presented themselves, including Getúlio Vargas. The latter intended to remain in power, but through the vote and the Constitution.
In this question, it is necessary to combine the knowledge of History with that of interpretation. The History ones help us to locate the passage in the correct context, and the Interpretation ones make the student realize that Vargas changed his political profile according to his needs. This means that, sometimes it was supported by more authoritarian sectors, sometimes by more democratic ones.
Question 3
(PUC-Campinas)
The caricature reveals a moment of the so-called "Vargas era", when Getúlio was preparing to
a) assume the presidency of the Republic, after his indirect election by the Constituent Assembly.
b) lead a military coup, establishing a historical period known as the Estado Novo.
c) dispute direct elections for the presidency of the Republic, in the context of the country's redemocratization.
d) implement the principles of the Cohen Plan, aiming to prevent the advance of the Communists and Integralists to power.
e) command a constitutionalist revolution, against the oligarchy of the agro-export sector.
Correct alternative: a) assume the presidency of the Republic, after his indirect election by the Constituent Assembly.
The dialogue in the caricature reveals that Vargas still had his movements "tightened" by Congress and the opposition, something that would not happen after the 1937 coup. Therefore, the correct alternative is the letter "a", when Vargas still had his powers limited by the Constitution and the parliament.
A type of question where a lot of interpretation is needed and the candidate needs to have a clear knowledge of the different phases of the Vargas era.
The other alternatives are not correct because they do not correspond to the year 1934. The Cohen Plan dates back to 1937, for example, and the Estado Novo was also instituted in 1937.
Question 4
(FGV/2003) On December 21, 1941, Getúlio Vargas received Osvaldo Aranha, his Foreign Minister, for a meeting. He reads a few excerpts from the president's journal: “At night, I received Osvaldo. He told me that the American government would not give us assistance because it did not trust elements of my government, which I was supposed to replace. I replied that I had no reason to distrust my assistants, that the facilities we were giving to the Americans did not authorize these suspicions, and that I would not replace these assistants with impositions Weird."
(VARGAS, Getúlio, Diário. São Paulo/Rio de Janeiro, Siciliano/ Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1995, vol. II, p. 443.)
Regarding this period, we can say:
a) The North American suspicions were completely unfounded because there was no sympathizer of Nazi-fascism among the members of the Brazilian government.
b) With his pragmatic policy, Vargas negotiated economic advantages with the American government and maintained supporters of the Nazi-fascist regimes in his government.
c) Despite the similarities between the Estado Novo and the fascist regimes, Vargas did not allow any kind of diplomatic relationship between Brazil and the Axis countries.
d) At the highest level of the Vargas government there were a number of sympathizers of the communist regime of the Soviet Union and its leader Joseph Stalin.
e) Pressure from the US government led Vargas to dismiss his minister of war, General Eurico Gaspar Dutra, an admirer of the Nazi-fascist regimes.
Correct alternative: b) With his pragmatic policy, Vargas negotiated economic advantages with the American government and maintained supporters of the Nazi-fascist regimes in his government.
Getúlio Vargas, from 1937 onwards, had a regime closer to fascism than to liberal democracy. However, as the war progressed it became more difficult to maintain this position due to pressure from the Americans. Despite this, Vargas, with his political ability, obtains financial help and still maintains pro-Axis collaborators in his government.
Note that in the text itself there is Vargas' desire to leave his pro-fascist allies in government and, at the same time, gain economic advantages from the Americans.
In History you should not use terms like "never", "none" and the like. These expressions are very exclusive and do not correspond to historical reality. Therefore, alternatives "a" and "c" use these words -"there was no sympathizer" and "did not allow any kind of diplomatic relationship" - no are correct, as it is very difficult to be sure that there were neither Nazi-fascism sympathizers nor some kind of diplomatic relationship between Brazil and Axle.
Question 5
(PUC/RS) “Let's make the revolution before the people make it.” The phrase, attributed to the governor of Minas Gerais, Antônio Carlos de Andrada, gives a glimpse of the political ideology of the 1930 Revolution, promoted by the interests
a) of the coffee-growing bourgeoisie of São Paulo, with a view to promoting coffee.
b) from the working class, with the aim of deepening industrialization.
c) of the fascist right-wing parties, in order to establish a strong state.
d) of the dissident oligarchies, allied to the tenentism for the reform of the State.
e) of the industrial bourgeoisie, in search of a free enterprise policy.
Correct alternative: d) of the dissident oligarchies, allied with tenentism for the reform of the State.
The Old Republic was marked by the alternation between the oligarchies of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. The lieutenants and representatives of the other states wanted to break with this hegemony, but without popular participation. In this way, the revolution of 30 was carried out without including the people.
Thus, alternative "b" is wrong and so are the others, especially "c", which speaks of fascist parties that did not yet exist at this time.
Question 6
(Enem/2017) During the Estado Novo, those in charge of propaganda sought to improve the art of excitement and involvement of “crowds” through political messages. In this type of discourse, the meaning of the words matters little because, as Goebbels declared, "we do not speak to say something, but to obtain a certain effect".
CAPELATO, M. H. Political advertising and control of the media. In: PANDOLFI, D. (Org.). Rethinking the Estado Novo. Rio de Janeiro: FGV, 1999.
Control over the means of communication was a hallmark of the Estado Novo, being fundamental to political propaganda, as it aimed to
a) win popular support in legitimizing the new government.
b) expand the involvement of crowds in political decisions.
c) increase the offer of public information to civil society.
d) extend the democratic participation of the media in Brazil.
e) broaden the population's understanding of the new government's intentions.
Correct alternative: a) win popular support in legitimizing the new government.
Political propaganda under the Vargas government was aimed at conquering the population and controlling any criticism of the government. In this way, the Estado Novo makes use of resources such as music, parties, publications and radio programs to broadcast the achievements of the Estado Novo in a boastful tone.
Therefore, the only alternative that contemplates this explanation is the letter "a".
Again, a question that combines knowledge of Brazilian history with text interpretation.
Question 7
(Enem/2018)
This image was printed in a school booklet during the period of the Estado Novo in order to
a) highlight the innate wisdom of the government leader.
b) meet the family's need for child obedience.
c) promote the consistent development of solidary attitudes.
d) win political approval through charismatic appeal.
e) stimulate academic interest through intellectual exercises.
Correct alternative: a) highlight the innate wisdom of the government leader.
From the Estado Novo, political advertising will be present in all sectors of society, including education. Thus, Vargas will be portrayed as the good leader who knows how to guide his people.
The only alternative that could give us room for doubt is the letter d. However, let us note that Vargas did not need political approval, because at the moment there are no elections in Brazil.
Question 8
(Unesp) After the extinction of the National Liberation Alliance in 1935, its non-moderate members organized the communist insurrection that was suppressed by the Vargas government. Check the alternative that presents the subsequent political action related to that insurrection:
a) The anti-imperialist and anti-landlord proposal contained in the ANL program was completely abandoned.
b) Vargas, to the benefit of his dictatorial plans, exploited the fear of communism.
c) Two months after the Intentona, all political prisoners awaiting trial were released.
d) The anti-communist campaign of the ruling classes contributed to Vargas' abandoning his continuity plans.
e) The rebels only surrendered after the definitive suspension of the payment of the foreign debt had been proclaimed.
Correct alternative: b) Vargas, to the advantage of his dictatorial plans, exploited the fear of communism.
For this question it is necessary to know factual history, as all alternatives except "b" are fanciful. The prisoners were not released, nor did the ANL change its political program.
Only "b" correctly mentions that Vargas uses his fear of communism to reinforce his plans for a dictatorship.
See too: Cohen Plan
Question 9
(Mackenzie/2004) Getúlio Vargas was able, in 1937, to inaugurate a new government, known as Estado Novo. About this period, it is correct to state that:
a) it was characterized by the exercise of democracy and civil liberties, in repudiation of communist ideas that threatened the nation, given the intention of these revolutionary groups to come to power through a blow.
b) faced with the communist threat, the Parliament, the State Assemblies, as well as the Municipal Chambers, began to legislate and intervene in various matters of national politics.
c) an authoritarian Constitution was imposed, influenced by the fascist doctrines that prevailed in some European nations, which represented the beginning of a period of dictatorship.
d) within the new regime, thanks to the subordination of union corporations to the State, which came to control the workers' actions, labor rights were won, as a result of the goodwill of the elites. business.
e) the international economic situation contributed to the consolidation of the Estado Novo, which, given the crisis that still persisted in the coffee sector, increased its intervening role, seeking to solve the problem of exports nationals.
Correct alternative: c) an authoritarian Constitution was imposed, influenced by the doctrines fascists that prevailed in some European nations, which represented the beginning of a period of dictatorship.
Alternative "c" reveals what happened at the time due to the fascist movement. On the other hand, the others refer to facts that did not occur, such as "civil liberties", intervention by the municipal cameras, "the good will of the elites" and the aid to the coffee economy.
Question 10
(Unirio/2000)
In the house of Blessed Pedro Batista in Santa Brígida, Bahia, D. Pedro II shares a space on the wall with Getúlio Vargas. This example characterizes a type of idealization of the figure of myths that have become settled in popular memory. We can say that Getúlio Vargas boosted an image of "father of the poor", largely due to:
(Schwarcz, Lily Moritz. The Beards of the Emperor. D. Pedro II: A Monarch in the Tropics. São Paulo, Cia das Letras, 1998 p. 322)
a) populist measures, attracting the working masses.
b) revolutionary measures introduced with the agrarian reform.
c) economic restrictions imposed on Brazilian industrialists.
d) rigid restrictions imposed on the national and international bourgeoisie.
e) boastful discourses disseminated among Brazilian peasants.
Correct alternative: a) populist measures, attracting the working masses.
The urban working class was the main one co-opted for the Vargas project, as labor rights did not contemplate the peasant.
Added to that, the efficient propaganda that showed Getúlio Vargas as a father, who took care of his people and who knew what they needed.
Question 11
On November 10, 1937, Getúlio Vargas addressed the population through the radio: "The presidential dispute was taking the country into disorder. Communists infiltrated national institutions day by day. The Nation was in danger of a class struggle and the political parties worried our people".
This speech opens the period called:
a) New State
b) New Republic
c) It was Vargas
d) Revolution of 30
Correct alternative a) New Status
The Estado Novo was established on November 10, 1937 when Getúlio Vargas denounced an alleged attempted coup by the communists, the so-called Cohen Plan.
Question 12
Read the excerpt below written by Plínio Salgado, leader of the integralist movement.
"We fight for the Integralist State. We want the rehabilitation of the principle of authority, that this is respected and made to be respected. We defend the family, the fundamental institution whose most sacred rights are outlawed by the bourgeoisie and communism."
Check the option that expresses the characteristics of integralism:
a) Political movement that defended the implantation of fascism and admired authoritarian solutions to solve Brazil's problems.
b) A set of principles that were an adaptation of German National Socialist ideas.
c) Anti-communist and anti-liberal political doctrine inspired by European fascist ideas.
d) Ideology contrary to fascism, liberal-bourgeois and that approached the ideas of the moderate left.
Correct alternative: c) Anti-communist and anti-liberal political doctrine inspired by European fascist ideas.
Integralism was an essentially anti-liberal and, above all, anti-communist political doctrine, in which defended the resolution of social problems through the extinction of political parties and the installation of a government authoritarian.
Question 13
Read the text below:
"The deputies of the professions will be elected in the form of the ordinary law, by indirect suffrage of the associations professionals, understood for this purpose, with the four related groups, in the following four divisions: farming and livestock; industry; trade and transport; liberal professions and civil servants." (United States of Brazil Constitution of 1934, art. 23, paragraph 3).
The Brazilian Constitution of 1934 created the figure of the class deputy which consisted of:
a) Legislators who exercised their mandate voluntarily, according to the professional category to which they were linked.
b) Deputies appointed by the respective unions of each professional segment.
c) A parliamentarian indirectly elected by his professional colleagues.
d) A category of parliamentarian who acted only in a deliberative manner, without the right to vote in Parliament.
Correct alternative: c) A parliamentarian indirectly elected by his professional colleagues.
Class deputies were created from the 1934 Constitution and were elected indirectly and only by professional unions.
Question 14
By 1945, the external scenario had changed and was reflected in Brazil's internal politics. There were more and more voices calling for the end of the Vargas regime, or at least the call for elections.
Mark the alternative that does NOT express the external change that took place at the world level that influenced Vargas' deposition in 1945.
a) The Allied victory in Europe on May 8, 1945 and subsequent confirmation in the Pacific.
b) The defeat of the fascist regimes in Italy and the Nazi regimes in Germany that, at least indirectly, served as inspiration for the Vargas government in Brazil.
c) The consecration of the liberal-democratic model in Western Europe in the countries liberated by the United States.
d) The survival of regimes related to fascism such as Salazar, in Portugal; Franco, in Spain and Perón, in Argentina.
Correct alternative: d) The survival of fascist-inspired regimes such as Salazar, in Portugal; Franco, in Spain and Perón, in Argentina.
The permanence of right-wing dictatorial regimes did not influence opposition to Vargas, as they represented the ideas they wanted to fight here in Brazil.
question 15
Read the text below:
"The Estado Novo collected the triumphs of the 1930s, exposing with all its splendor this extraordinary transformation of the right to collective organization and action in the medium of identity between power, law and society, so that the strength promised by a society increasingly mobilized in its desire for change has been replaced by the omnipotence and effectiveness of the governmental institutions and repression, both sustained by the most brilliant invention of the period: the spectacle of identity between State and people, between the Head of State and his people." (PAOLI, M. Ç. The State Era. FOLHA DE SÃO PAULO, 31 dec. 1988. Newsletter. P. G-6.)
Choose the most suitable title for this text:
a) Vargas, the Father of the Poor and the Mother of the Rich
b) The Power of Political Advertising
c) The Glory of the New State
d) Repression and Censorship in the Vargas Era
Correct alternative: b) The Power of Political Advertising
The excerpt exposes the strategies used by Vargas during his government to attract the support of the population, such as construction of the identity of a president who knew how to capture the will of the people so well, that their participation was not necessary through elections.