The Second Industrial Revolution corresponds to the second phase of the call Industrial Revolution. This phase began in the second half of the 19th century, around 1850, and ended during the Second war, period from 1939 to 1945. THE industrialization, then, left the borders of England and reached countries like Germany, France, Russia, Japan and the United States.
The phases of the revolution do not indicate rupture, but the emergence of new characteristics through advances and improvementstechnological which continued the process, modifying the entire structure of capitalist production. The Second Industrial Revolution became known as the period of great innovations and the emergence of new industries.
readalso: Brazilian industrialization
Causes
The main causes of the outbreak of the Second Industrial Revolution are mainly associated with the great Liberal Revolutions or Bourgeois Revolutions, which took place in the 19th century, and which were based on the thoughtliberal and influenced by enlightenment.
During this period, the bourgeoisie represented the ruling class, being in power in several countries. These revolutions were responsible for the end of the Old Regime, by strengthening the capitalism and by boost industrialization.
There were many technological advances achieved during this period, enabling the installation of new industries, the increase in production, as well as the expansion of business. Then, at this time, the call CapitalismFinancial (monopolist), representing a new phase of capitalism and shaping this phase of the Industrial Revolution through investment in research and tectonological apparatus.
readmore:Influence of the French Revolution in the world
Second Industrial Revolution and Imperialism
At innovationstechnological in the period of the Second Industrial Revolution despite increasing production and enabling the emergence of new industries, ended up causing unemployment and impoverishment of the working class due to the replacement of manufacturing by machines.
This impoverishment was seen when the working class could not consume what was produced, thus generating production surpluses in the industries, consequently, losses economical.
Capitalist nations, such as the United States and Germany, needed, therefore, to look for new markets consumers beyond the European territories, as well as they needed to look for raw material to make viable The productionfactory. Thus began what became known as imperialism: the search for new territories through policies of territorial, economic and cultural expansion and domination of one nation over another.
Know more: What is economic liberalism?
Technological innovations
The Second Industrial Revolution represents the introduction of newtechniques and newsources in energy, highlighting the chemical industry. These technological improvements made it possible to increase industrial capacity, in addition to having provided for the accelerated development of the economy. This phase was marked by the use of electricity and, especially, the Petroleum, replacing the steam.
Prior to this phase, the use of electricity was still restricted., limiting itself to the development of laboratory research. During that time, its use became industrial, with electrical energy being transmitted through wiring over long distances. Then, electric motors were created.
O Petroleum started to be used as fuel as a result of the improvement of the internal combustion engine. The use of this fossil fuel was widespread from the invention of the combustion engine.
The steamship was one of the inventions of the Second Industrial Revolution period.
The main inventions and innovations of this period were:
Manufacture of steel, which was used to replace iron;
Use of fibers and synthetics to replace natural raw materials for the production of fabrics;
Use of machinery and chemical fertilizers in agriculture;
Railway construction;
Invention of steamships;
Installation of the first underwater telegraph line;
Installation of the first transatlantic cable;
Invention of the telephone;
Sending the first wireless radio message;
Incandescent lamp invention;
Invention of television;
Emergence of antibiotics.
Consequences
The main consequences of the Second Industrial Revolution caused by the relationship between science and technology provided a great increaseproductive in the industrial sector. New technologies made it possible to increase food production through agriculture. The production was no longer for subsistence or for a small market, becoming, then, a productioninpasta (Henry Ford assembly line and Frederick Taylor's rationalization of work).
Technological advancement has also caused the rural exodus. The replacement of manufacturing by machinofacture caused the population to leave the countryside, which brought a considerable increase in cities, thus characterizing the processinurbanization. This accelerated growth caused urban swellings.
Emerged newrelationsinwork associated with the emergence of unions and workers' organizations, which often demanded better working conditions and wages because of the impoverishment of this class. The replacement of human work by machines generated unemployment and reduced work, making more available labor than opportunities to work.
Technological advances have made the migrations. This was because trips were possible in a shorter period of time and at a lower cost-benefit ratio, due to the creation of railroads and other means of transport. Communication was also facilitated due to the various technological inventions in the area of telecommunications.
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution represents the period of great technological transformations that replaced manufacturing by machinery.
The Industrial Revolution represents a period of big onestransformations related to technological advances and their influence on the industrial and economic sector, which led to the emergence of new forms of organization of society. This revolution began in Western Europe, in the mid-eighteenth century, pioneered by England. Over the years, these advances spread across Europe and later around the world.
despite not have had a break, this period had several developments that became known as phases. These phases are characterizedby theadvances and improvements that constitute the evolutionary process of technologies, in addition to the economic and social transformations provided. To learn more, read: Industrial Revolution.
→ First Industrial Revolution
Represents the phase in which the period of evolutiontechnological. This period comprises the 18th century until the mid-1850s, when a new phase begins. The First Industrial Revolution is mainly marked by the replacement of man-made energy by steam, wind and hydraulic energy, as well as the replacement of manufacturing by machinofacture, that is, artisanal production by industry.
The transformations that took place in this phase are especially related:
the use of coal as an energy source;
the development of the steam engine and the locomotive;
to the invention of the telegraph.
All the innovations obtained in this period and the technological advances applied to production provided the increased productivity, better flow of raw materials and improved distribution of goods produced.
Third Industrial Revolution
THE Third Industrial Revolution represents the third phase of the Industrial Revolution. It is also known as RevolutionTechnical-Scientific. This phase began after World War II and again represents a new world scenario. The changes mainly refer to the relationship established between technological development aimed at the production process and scientific advancement.
At this stage, the revolution was no longer limited to just a few countries and spread around the world. The innovations of this period connected people in all regions of the planet, enabling the instantaneous transmission of information, reducing time and distance.
The main transformations provided by advances to date are part of the developmentof thesocieties. Biotechnology, robotics, genetics, electronics, transport and telecommunications sectors were the ones that suffered the most changes, reaching evolutions never seen before. There was development in several areas, causing changes in the way of life, in social relations and also in geographic space. To learn more about it, go to: Third Industrial Revolution.
