French king born in Saint-Cloud, member of the lesser branch of the house of Bourbon, called the citizen king. He spoke out in favor of the revolution (1789) and joined the radicals in the Jacobin ranks. During the war between France and Austria (1792), he enlisted in the troops commanded by Charles-François Dumouriez, but he deserted and joined Austria.
He took refuge in Switzerland, where he adopted a false name and worked as a teacher at a college in Reichenau. When his father was executed (1793), he inherited the title of Duke of Orléans, which strengthened his dynastic aspirations. He lived for two years in the United States and then in Great Britain. During the Napoleonic period (1804-1814), he managed to reconcile the Orléans branch with the exiled French king Louis XVIII.
He went to Sicily (1809) and married Maria Amelia de Bourbon, daughter of Ferdinand IV, king of Naples. With the reinstatement of Louis XVIII to the throne (1814), he returned to France, where he recovered some properties and joined the liberal opposition. The new monarchy fell after a rebellion (1830), and he ascended the throne with the support of the upper bourgeoisie.
He faced several favorable rebellions around the Bourbons and Republicans (1830-1840), including Bonapartists led by the future Napoleon III. Due to the various attempts on his life, he had to apply severe measures restricting freedoms. Industrialization and urban growth gave new characteristics to the republican movement, and the economic crisis (1846) precipitated the revolution (1848).
The king was forced to abdicate in favor of his grandson Philip of Orléans, Count of Paris, and went into exile in Claremont, Surrey, United Kingdom, where he remained for the rest of his life. The revolutionaries, however, refused to recognize the successor and proclaimed the second republic.
Source: http://www.dec.ufcg.edu.br/biografias/
Order R - Biography - Brazil School
Source: Brazil School - https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/biografia/luis-filipe-franca.htm