Violence in History
From the earliest records we have of human presence on Earth, hostility and violent conflict have always been present. There are many theses by anthropologists and sociologists who argue that the very origin of the human being (the passage from hominid to man) has a violent foundation (the theses of ReneGirard are an example). Well then, the history of humanity, based on this principle, can be told through the wars.
Emergence of the first civilizations and the first army
The first period that is commonly studied in the discipline of history is named Old ageand comprises a time span ranging from 5,000 a. Ç. until the fourth century d. Ç. During this period, many civilizations rose and fell. Some extended their empires over vast regions, while others restricted themselves to political activity with more restricted space. All of them developed military strategies and ways to prepare soldiers for war.
The formation of the first organized army of the world is attributed to the
assyrians, people who built their empire in the region of Mesopotamia, in the Middle East. The Assyrians managed to build a war machine that had very advanced strategies compared to their contemporaries such as the Babylonians. One of the Assyrians' military inventions, the animal-drawn tank, was widely used by other civilizations a posteriori.Conflict between Persians and Greeks
Even in the Middle East region and if we extend to Asia Minor, many peoples who settled there had to come into conflict with great frequency. This is the case, for example, of the persian civilization, who had to initially submit thecivilization of fears, who inhabited the same region. Then they expanded their empire throughout Asia Minor, reaching the borders of the domains of the ancient Greeks and coming into conflict with them in what became known as Greco-Persian Warsor Medical Wars.
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Internal conflict among the Greeks
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You greeks, in turn, in addition to the famous wars against the Persians, there were also long internal conflicts between the city-states, which disputed the hegemony of Hellas (the entire set formed by these city-states and their colonies). These internal wars became known as Peloponnesian Warand produced a weakening in the three main Greek city-states: Thebes, Athens and Sparta. This weakening opened doors for the imperialist project of Felipe II of Macedonia, which conquered all the Greek city-states and promoted the unification of Hellas. Your son, Alexander the Great, continued his father's legacy, expanding the Macedonian Empire towards Asia.
Romans vs. Carthaginians and conflicts in other civilizations
On the African continent, especially in the North of that continent, two civilizations had great prominence for their military campaigns: the Egyptians and the Carthaginians. O EgyptOld one it consisted of a succession of empires, which lasted for about three millennia. The Egyptians used the war at various times, especially against neighboring peoples, such as the Hittites, Nubians and Hyksos. The Carthaginians constituted a Phoenician colony in the current territory of the countries Tunisia and Morocco and, like good Phoenicians, they were excellent navigators. For a long time, the Carthaginians controlled the flow of goods that passed through the Mediterranean Sea, which was an obstacle at the time. Roman Republic. The main wars fought by the Carthaginians were also some of the main ones of the Romans: the Punic Wars(264-146 a. Ç.)
In addition to these wars, the OldPomegranate, when it became empire with Octavio Augusto, waged several wars with a view to his territorial expansion. These wars had different objectives: they ranged from quelling revolts in provinces to protecting their borders. In the Far East, civilizations such as the Hindu, Mongolian, Chinese and Japanese also rose through warrior societies, such as the samurai, in Japan, and the nomadic warriors of Genghis Khan, in Mongolia.
By Me. Cláudio Fernandes
