In genetics, the rule of It is It's from or is used when the occurrence of an event can be predicted through the probability, which uses the distribution of factors that can cause random or independent events.
genetic probability
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A genetic probability comprises the odds that an event has to occur, among two or more possible events.
P=x/n
Where:
- P: probability;
- x: number of separate events;
- n: number of possible events.
random events
You random events, such as flipping a coin or drawing cards from the deck, are those that have the same chance of occurring in relation to other events.
The probability of finding the tails when tossing a coin is 1/2, as there are two possible events and one of them is the tails.
Now to find a spade card from a deck of 52 cards, the probability is 1/4, as there are 4 types of cards, each type with the same amount of cards.
If we want to find a king of spades in that same deck, the probability is 1/52, as there is only one of the 52 cards.
Independent events
Us independent events, the probability of occurrence of one event does not affect the probability of occurrence of another.
If we toss several coins at the same time, or the same coin consecutively, the probability of finding tails on one toss does not interfere with others, so each result is independent of the other.
The sex of a couple's first child does not interfere with the sex of the other children they may have, as the formation of each child is an independent event.
Thus, a couple that has two male children still has a 1/2 chance that the third child will be female.
rule of It is
A rule of It is is the popular name of a probability theory that says:
The probability of two or more independent events occurring together is equal to the product of the probabilities of their occurring separately.
This principle starts from the question: what is the probability of an event occurring? It is another at the same time?
If we toss a coin twice, what is the probability that the first toss lands heads and the second toss heads?
To calculate the probability of events occurring in the “and” rule we use the multiplication of events occurring separately.
We already know that this is an independent toss and the chance of a coin landing heads on each toss is 1/2, therefore, the probability of the coin landing heads in two simultaneous tosses is: 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4 or 0.25 or 25%.
Now if we roll a die twice, the chance of the 5 face up on the first and second rolls is: 1/6 x 1/6 = 1/36 or 0.02 or 2%.
This happens because each die roll is independent and has a 1/6 chance of each number falling.
rule of or
A rule of or is the popular name of a probability theory that says:
The occurrence of two mutually exclusive events is equal to the sum of the probabilities with which each event occurs.
This principle starts from the question: what is the probability of an event occurring? or another exclusively?
To calculate the probability of events occurring under the “or” rule, we use the sum of events occurring individually.
In coin tossing, we know that we have two possibilities: heads and tails. Each of these has a 1/2 probability of occurring.
So the probability of getting heads or tails on a coin toss is: 1/2 + 1/2 = 1.
When throwing a die, the possibility of having one number or another is: 1/6 +1/6 = 2/6.
Complex cases of genetic probability
In practice, most genetic cases need to be solved using both probability rules.
For example, if we flip two coins, what is the probability of getting heads on one coin and tails on the other?
There are two possibilities for this: heads on the first coin It is crown on Monday, or crown at first It is heads on the second coin.
To solve this case, it is necessary to apply the combined rules, for each case we have 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4, that is, 1/4 chances.
Observing the events together we have: 1/4 + 1/4 = 1/2, that is, the probability of this event occurring is 1/2 or 50%.
See too:
- List of exercises on the “and” rule
- List of Exercises on the “Or” Rule
- genetic diseases
- genetic drift
- Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium – Population Genetics