Islamic theologian born in the city of Khomeini, Iran, major religious leader in the overthrow of the Iranian monarchy and assuming a government in the form of an Islamic theocracy. From a family of mullahs, Shiite religious leaders, he was educated in Islamic schools, until taking up residence in Qom (1922), where he went on to publish texts on Islamic philosophy, law and ethics, in defense of Islamic purity and in opposition to Shah Mohamed Reza Pahlavi. His followers acclaimed him as ayatollah (1950s), becoming one of the main Shiite leaders in Iran.
Due to his permanent criticism of the regime, he was arrested by order of the Shah (1963) and exiled (1964), taking up residence in the holy city of al-Najaf, in Iraq. But his growing influence caused Saddam Hussein to expel him from the country (1978), forcing the religious leader to move to Neauphle-le-Château, near Paris, from where he started to lead a popular reaction against the regime of the Shah.
The popular uprising forced the shah to leave the country (1979) and the ayatollah was hailed as leader of the revolution, returning triumphantly to Tehran, taking control of the new government as the republic's lifelong political and religious leader Islamic Republic of Iran. Politically, his government was characterized by hostility to the Soviet Union and the United States, and it rigorously re-imposed the laws of Islam, for the attempt to export Islamic fundamentalism and for a bloody war against the Iraq. He died in the tenth year of his rule, in his country's capital, Tehran.
Source: http://www.dec.ufcg.edu.br/biografias/
Order R - Biography - Brazil School
Source: Brazil School - https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/biografia/ruhollah-musawi.htm