You protozoaare organisms unicellular, eukaryotes It is heterotrophs that have tissue organization and specializations for locomotion such as cilia, rhizopods and flagella.
We prepared a list of discursive questions about protozoa so that you can test your knowledge about these microorganisms that are obligate parasites.
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Discursive questions about protozoa
1) Describe the types of locomotion of the protozoa that cause the following diseases: amoebiasis, Chagas disease, tegumentary leishmaniasis, trichomoniasis and malaria.
2) (FUVEST) How do amoebas capture their food?
3) Protozoa are a group of heterotrophic organisms that do not constitute a valid taxonomic category. Didactically, many authors divide this group based mainly on the form of locomotion. In the phylum Rhizopoda, what is the name of the cytoplasmic expansions through which they move?
4) (FUVEST) What is the function of the pulsatile vacuole of freshwater protozoa? Why is this organelle generally absent in marine protozoa?
5) (UNICAMP) When heavily parasitized by giardia lamblia, a person starts to suffer from certain nutritional deficiencies. These are explained by the interference in the absorption of nutrients, due to the fact that these parasites cover the mucosa of an extensive region of the digestive tract.
a) What is this region?
b) How is this parasitosis acquired?
c) What is the reproduction process that occurs in this parasite?
6) (UNICAMP) In some regions of Brazil, such as the state of São Paulo, the usual way of transmitting trypanosoma cruzi for humans, through triatomines, it is no longer important, mainly as a result of control measures for these arthropods. Give two explanations for the appearance of new human cases of Chagas disease in these regions.
7) (ESAL-MG) Regarding malaria, mention the infecting form of the parasite and the gender of the transmitter.
8) (VUNESP) Chagas disease is a disease that affects a large number of people in rural areas of Brazil. About this disease, answer the following questions:
a) How are these people infected?
b) What is the transmitting agent?
c) Which body organ is affected by the pathogenic agent?
d) What is the prophylactic measure to eradicate the disease?
9) (UNICAMP) The television news recently reported that a severe drought caused an increase in cases of malaria in the Amazon. This was attributed to children playing in the backwaters.
a) Is this explanation right or wrong? Justify.
b) To what other parasitosis does the mode of transmission suggested in the text apply?
10) (UNICAMP) “With 12,000 inhabitants and a monthly revenue of R$ 120,000, Gouveia, in Alto Jequitinhonha, in the north of Minas Gerais, has become a national reference in public health (…). Until 1979, 42% of the houses in Gouveia had a barber (…) and 22% of the residents were sick. In 1995, the City Hall announced that there had been no new cases of Chagas disease, thanks above all to drinking water and the sewerage network” Adapted from the article City with little resources is a health model in MG, Ecology and Development, nº 59, 1996.
a) The eradication of Chagas disease in Gouveia cannot be attributed to the causes mentioned in the article. Indicate an effective way to combat this disease that may have been used in this case.
b) What is the natural mechanism of transmission of Chagas disease to humans?
c) Name two parasitic diseases whose incidence may have decreased as a result of improved water and sewage networks.
Answer to question 1
amebiasis – Protozoan that moves by pseudopods.
Chagas disease – Flagellate protozoan.
cutaneous leishmaniasis (bauru ulcer) – Flagellate protozoan.
Trichomoniasis – Flagellate protozoan.
Malaria (Tuesian fever) – Protozoan without locomotor structure.
Answer to question 2
Amoebas capture their food by phagocytosis, through their pseudopodia.
Answer to question 3
Pseudopods are cytoplasmic extensions used by protozoans both for locomotion and for capturing food. As an example of the phylum Rhizopoda, we can mention the amoebas.
Answer to question 4
O vacuole pulsatile or contractile has the function of achieving osmotic balance (osmoregulation). Fresh water is hypotonic in relation to the protozoan and, by osmosis, water is absorbed. So that the protozoan does not explode, the pulsating vacuole expels excess water.
Marine protozoa (as well as parasites) do not have this organelle, as they are isotonic in relation to the medium, that is, their concentration is similar to that of salt water.
Answer to question 5
The) Small intestinewhere nutrient absorption takes place.
b) Acquired by ingestion of protozoan cysts in contaminated food and water.
c) Splitting (asexual reproduction).
Answer to question 6
The disease may be transmitted by blood transfusions contaminated, or, then, from the mother to the child, through the placenta or even through breast milk.
Answer to question 7
The infective form of the parasite that causes malaria is the sporozoite; the gender of the transmitter (mosquito females) is anopheles.
Answer to question 8
a) People are infected through the feces that the barber bug (triatomid) deposits on the person's skin, when it bites him to suck blood. When scratching, the individual transfers the protozoan found in the insect's feces to the skin lesions, allowing it to reach the bloodstream.
b) The transmitting agent is the insect (bedbug), known as barber, chupança, procotó or bug-of-wall.
c) The pathogenic agent can reach several organs (such as liver, intestine - colon -, esophagus, among others), but mainly affects the heart.
d) Combat the barber bug with insecticides, treat the sick, replace the wattle and daub houses with masonry (no hiding places). for the insect), use net curtains on the beds, in addition to doors and windows protected by screens and be careful with blood transfusions blood.
Answer to question 9
a) It is wrong, because malaria is transmitted by mosquito bites.
b) It could refer to schistosomiasis, as the infective forms (cercariae) live in waters where snails planorbids develop.
Answer to question 10
a) Indeed, the eradication of the aforementioned disease cannot be attributed to the use of potable water and the sewage system, because effective actions to combat Chagas disease are: eliminating the transmitter (kissing bug) with the use of insecticides; improve housing conditions, replacing mud-plastered wattle and daub houses with masonry houses.
The simple use of plaster (lime) on the walls of houses makes it difficult for barbers to survive.
b) The transmission takes place through the feces that the barber deposits on the skin of the person, when pricking it to suck the blood; when scratching, the individual transfers the protozoan that was in the insect's feces to the skin lesions, allowing it to reach the bloodstream.
c) Amebiasis, giardiasis, cholera (bacteria), ascariasis, human cysticercosis, taeniasis, hookworm, hepatitis (viruses), among others.
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