the verb tenses indicate the moment when the action described by the verb takes place. If the action occurs before speech, the verb is in the past (or past tense); if it happens at the moment of enunciation, it is in the present; and if it takes place at a later time than the speech, it is in the future.
Verb tenses are classified as simple or compounds. are included in verbal modes, which are the different forms of the verb to indicate the ways in which a fact takes place.
There are three verb moods: indicative, subjunctive and imperative.
Verb tenses in the indicative mood
In the indicative mood, verb tenses express an exact fact. It is the way of information.
Examples:
- I I go today.
- I loved that woman.
- we will go to the Flamengo game.
Simple tenses in the indicative mood
Gift
The present indicative expresses an action that takes place at the time of speech.
Examples:
- Mommy go shopping every week.
- I drink more than three liters of water a day.
- Us we need each other.
Observe in the following table the conjugation of the verbs "cantar" (1st conjugation), "vender" (2nd conjugation) and "partir" (3rd conjugation) in the present tense.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| I sing | I sell | I leave |
| you sing | you sell | you leave |
| he sings | he sells | he leaves |
| we sing | we sold | we left |
| you sing | you sell | you leave |
| they sing | they sell | they leave |
past perfect tense
The perfect tense of the indicative mood expresses an action that took place in the past and has already been completed.
Examples:
- today i sold good.
- Apparently, did you like much of the present.
- left soon at dawn.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| I sang | I've sold | I left |
| you sang | you sold | you left |
| he sung | he sold | he left |
| we sing | we sold | we left |
| you sang | you sold | you left |
| they sang | they sold | they left |
imperfect tense
The imperfect tense of the indicative mood expresses a continuous past action, that is, which may or may not have been completed.
Examples:
- She did everything perfectly.
- we studied day and night for the contest.
- devoured the steak with gusto.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| I sang | I used to sell | I left |
| you sing | you sold | you left |
| he sang | he sold | he left |
| we sang | we sold | we left |
| you can sing | you sold | you left |
| they sang | they sold | they left |
pluperfect past tense
The past perfect tense describes an action that occurred before another past action. Currently, it is rarely used in everyday life, being practically restricted to literary language.
Examples:
- "Who me wish at least once..." (Urban Legion)
- Learn to from a very early age the hardships of life.
- we would destroy all the evidence.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| I sang | I had sold | I left |
| you will sing | you will sell | you will leave |
| he will sing | he will sell | he left |
| we would sing | we would sell | we left |
| you will sing | you will sell | you will leave |
| they sang | they sold | they left |
future of the present
The future tense indicates an action that takes place at a later time than the enunciation.
Examples:
- When you will decide go away?
- They will win all opponents that appear.
- I will create the conditions for everything to go well.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| I will sing | i will sell | i will leave |
| you will sing | you will sell | you will leave |
| he will sing | he will sell | he will leave |
| we will sing | we will sell | we will leave |
| you will sing | you will sell | you will leave |
| they will sing | they will sell | they will leave |
future tense
The future tense demonstrates an action that could have taken place after another action in the past.
Examples:
- Until rush, if he wasn't faster.
- "My love, what are you would make if you only had that day left..." (Paulinho Moska)
- If it wasn't raining, they would arrive in time.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| I would sing | I would sell | I would leave |
| you would sing | would you sell | you would leave |
| he would sing | he would sell | he would leave |
| we would sing | we would sell | we would leave |
| you would sing | you would sell | you would leave |
| they would sing | they would sell | they would leave |
Compound tenses of the indicative mood
Compound tenses are verbal phrases, that is, they are composed of two verbs that, together, have the morphological function of a single verb.
Compound tenses are formed by a main verb and an auxiliary verb ("ter" or "haver"). In this junction, the main verb is always inflected in the participle, while the auxiliary presents variations of person, number, mood, tense and voice.
Past perfect tense indicative
The past perfect tense of the indicative indicates an ongoing action in the past that extends into the present. In it, we have the auxiliary verb conjugated in the present tense and the main verb, in the participle.
Examples:
- I've been drinking too much.
- My grandmother has been out little from home.
- They have worked a lot lately.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| I've been singing | I have been selling | I'm gone |
| you have been singing | have sold | have you left |
| has been singing | has sold | has left |
| we have been singing | we have sold | we have left |
| we have been singing | we have sold | we have left |
| have been singing | have sold | have left |
Past perfect tense compound indicative
The pluperfect past tense of the indicative presents an action that occurred before another past action. It is formed by an auxiliary verb inflected in the imperfect tense of the indicative and the main verb in the participle.
Examples:
- When we arrived, the show it already had started.
- Already had sold all the snacks when we arrived at the tent.
- Already Had thought in it before.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| had sung | had sold | had left |
| you had sung | you had sold | you had left |
| had sung | had sold | had left |
| we had sung | we had sold | we had left |
| you had sung | had sold | you had left |
| had sung | had sold | had left |
Future tense compound indicative
The future tense compound tense is a future action that ends before another future action. It consists of a main verb in the participle and an auxiliary verb conjugated in the simple present tense of the indicative.
Examples:
- Already I will be finished lunch at this time.
- In three days already I will have written the article.
- Does will be over work on the viaduct?
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| I will have sung | I will have sold | I will be gone |
| you will have sung | you will have sold | you will be gone |
| will have sung | will have sold | will have left |
| we will have sung | we will have sold | we will have left |
| you will have sung | you will have sold | you will have left |
| will have sung | will have sold | will have left |
Future tense compound indicative
The future of the compound preterit of the indicative presents a conditioned action, that is, that could have happened after another past action. It consists of a main verb in the participle and an auxiliary verb inflected in the simple past tense of the indicative.
Examples:
- we would have stayed more if time were not so short.
- none of that would have occurred If only they were more prudent.
- No would have slept so much so if I had set the cell phone to wake up.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| would have sung | would have sold | would have left |
| you would have sung | you would have sold | you would have left |
| would have sung | would have sold | would have left |
| we would have sung | we would have sold | we would have left |
| you would have sung | you would have sold | you would have left |
| would have sung | would have sold | would have left |
Verb tenses in the subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood indicates a possible, doubtful, hypothetical fact. It's the subjective way.
Examples:
- It is likely that do good time.
- If you said the truth...
- When I you to take...
simple verb tenses in the subjunctive mood
Gift
The present subjunctive presents actions that can occur both in the present and in the future. These actions usually express a wish, assumption or hypothesis.
Examples:
I expect may she fall for real.
I cheer for what sales all merchandise.
He had taken that we touch again at the festival.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| that I sing | that I sell | let me go |
| that you sing | that you sell | that you leave |
| let him sing | let him sell | let him go |
| that we sing | that we sell | that we leave |
| that you sing | that you sell | that you leave |
| let them sing | that they sell | let them go |
imperfect tense
The imperfect subjunctive tense indicates conditioned actions, expressing desires and probabilities.
Examples:
- If I sang then he would be rich.
- everyone would be happy if they left.
- if you could Pay what you owe, I would appreciate it.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| if i sang | if i sold | if i left |
| if you sang | if you sold | if you left |
| if he sang | if he sold | if he left |
| if we sang | if we sold | if we left |
| if you sang | if you sold | if you left |
| if they sang | if they sold | if they left |
Future
The future tense of the subjunctive mood presents actions that can take place at a later time than the enunciation.
Examples:
- when you grow up, you will find out.
- if she does, I do too.
- we will have lunch when we get there at home.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| when/if I sing | when/if I sell | when/if i leave |
| when/if you sing | when/if you sell | when/if you leave |
| when/if he sings | when/if it sells | when/if he leaves |
| when/if we sing | when/if we sell | when/if we leave |
| when/if you sing | when/if you sell | when/if you leave |
| when/if they sing | when/if they sell | when/if they leave |
Compound tenses in the subjunctive mood
Past perfect compound subjunctive
The perfect compound subjunctive tense indicates a completed action located in the past or future. It is established by joining a main verb in the participle and an auxiliary verb conjugated in the present subjunctive.
Examples:
- It's impossible who have returned so fast.
- I'll just leave here later that you have finished to tell me everything.
- My sincere wish is that we're done good.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| that I have sung | that I have sold | that I'm gone |
| that you have sung | that you have sold | that you left |
| that he sang | that he sold | that he left |
| that we have sung | that we have sold | that we are gone |
| that you have sung | that you have sold | that you left |
| that they have sung | that they have sold | that they have gone |
Past perfect tense compound subjunctive
The pluperfect compound subjunctive presents an action that occurred before another past action. It is formed by the union of a main verb in the participle and an inflected auxiliary verb in the imperfect subjunctive.
Examples:
- If I had listened my mother's advice, I would be much better now.
- It would have been easier to find the house if they had forwarded the correct address.
- No stone would be left unturned if she had said the whole truth.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| if i had sung | if i had sold | if i had left |
| if you had sung | if you had sold | if you had left |
| if he had sung | if he had sold | if he had left |
| if we had sung | if we had sold | if we had left |
| if you had sung | if you had sold | if you had left |
| if they had sung | if they had sold | if they had left |
Future compound subjunctive
The compound future subjunctive expresses an action completed before another future action. It consists of a main verb in the participle and an auxiliary verb conjugated in the simple future subjunctive.
Examples:
- please let me know when they are finished the discussion.
- When I'm gone, are likely to appear.
- just stop running when you have folded the corner.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| when I have sung | when i have sold | when I'm gone |
| when you have sung | when you sold | when you're gone |
| when he has sung | when he sold | when he's gone |
| when we have sung | when we have sold | when we're gone |
| when you have sung | when you sold | when you're gone |
| when they have sung | when they have sold | when they are gone |
Verb tenses in the imperative mood
Verb tenses in the imperative mood enunciate order, prohibition, request, advice, supplication.
Examples:
- He leavesus in peace!
- don't let go the book here!
- He comes, my passion flower.
- study, study, my children!
- Please, ingive me one more chance.
The imperative mood is divided into two categories: affirmative imperative and negative imperative.
affirmative imperative
The affirmative imperative indicates an affirmative request from the enunciator to the receiver.
Examples:
- "In between through that door now..." (Adriana Calcanhoto)
- "put on a rainbow in your jug..." (Paulo Diniz)
- "try again..." (Raul Seixas)
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| - | - | - |
| you sing | you sell | part you |
| sing you | sell you | leave you |
| we sing | let's sell | let's go |
| you sing | sell yourselves | I left you |
| sing you | sell you | leave you |
negative imperative
The affirmative imperative indicates a request from the enunciator to the receiver through a negative expression.
Examples:
- "Do not go, don't leave me in this solitude..." (Timbalada)
- "He comes, do not have fear, the door is closed..." (Sérgio Sampaio)
- "Look! Do not say that the song is lost..." (Raul Seixas)
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| - | - | - |
| you don't sing | you don't sell | you don't leave |
| don't sing you | don't sell you | don't break you |
| let's not sing | let's not sell | let's not leave |
| you do not sing | don't sell yourselves | you don't leave |
| don't sing you | don't sell you | don't leave you |
Bibliography:
- CEGALLA, D. P. Brand new grammar of the Portuguese language. São Paulo, National Publishing Company. 2009.
- CUNHA, C.; CINTRA, L. New grammar of contemporary Portuguese. Rio de Janeiro, Lexikon, 2013.
- TELLES, v. T. Practical course in writing and applied grammar. Curitiba, National Book Exchange, 1984.
See too:
- Verb
- Part of speech
- Predicate
