the verb tenses indicate the moment in which the action described by the verb takes place. If the action occurs before speech, the verb is in the past (or past tense); if it happens at the moment of enunciation, it is in the present; and if it takes place at a later time than the speech, it is in the future.
Verbs are classified as simple or compounds. are inserted in verbal moods, which are the different forms of the verb to indicate the ways in which an event takes place.
There are three verb modes: indicative, subjunctive and imperative.
Verb tenses in the indicative mood
In the indicative mood, verb tenses express an exact fact. It is the mode of information.
Examples:
- I I go today.
- Loved it that woman.
- we will go to the Flamengo game.
Simple tenses of the indicative mood
Gift
The present tense expresses an action that occurs at the moment of speech.
Examples:
- Mommy go shopping every week.
- I drink more than three liters of water a day.
- We we need each other.
Note in the following table the conjugation of the verbs "cantar" (1st conjugation), "vender" (2nd conjugation) and "partir" (3rd conjugation) in the present tense.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| I sing | I sell | I leave |
| you sing | you sell | you part |
| he sings | he sells | he leaves |
| we sing | we sold | we left |
| you sing | you sell | you leave |
| they sing | they sell | they leave |
past perfect
The past perfect tense of the indicative mood expresses an action that took place in the past that has already been completed.
Examples:
- Today I sold good.
- Apparently, did you like much of the present.
- departed right at dawn.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| I sang | I've sold | I left |
| you sang | you sold | you left |
| he sung | he sold | he left |
| we sing | we sold | we left |
| you sang | you sold | you left |
| they sang | they sold | they left |
imperfect tense
The imperfect tense of the indicative mood expresses a continuous past action, that is, which may or may not have been completed.
Examples:
- Is it over there did everything perfectly.
- we studied day and night for the contest.
- devoured the steak with enthusiasm.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| I sang | I used to sell | I left |
| you sing | you sold | you left |
| he sang | he sold | he left |
| we sang | we sold | we left |
| you sang | you sold | you left |
| they sang | they sold | they left |
Past perfect tense
The pluperfect tense expresses an action that occurred before another past action. Currently, it is rarely used in everyday life, being practically restricted to literary language.
Examples:
- "Who me dea at least once..." (Urban Legion)
- Learn to from a very early age the hardships of life.
- we would destroy all evidence.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| I would sing | I sold | I left |
| you would sing | you will sell | you would leave |
| he would sing | he had sold | he left |
| we would sing | we would sell | we left |
| you will sing | you will sell | you will leave |
| they sang | they sold | they left |
future of the present
The future tense indicates an action that takes place after the utterance.
Examples:
- When you will decide go away?
- They will win all opponents that appear.
- I will create the conditions for everything to go well.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| I will sing | I will sell | I will leave |
| you will sing | you will sell | you will leave |
| he will sing | he will sell | he will leave |
| we will sing | we will sell | we will leave |
| you will sing | you will sell | you will leave |
| they will sing | they will sell | they will leave |
past tense future
The future tense demonstrates an action that could have taken place after another action in the past.
Examples:
- Until rush, if he wasn't faster.
- "My love, what are you would make if only that day remained..." (Paulinho Moska)
- If it wasn't raining, they would arrive in time.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| I would sing | I would sell | I would leave |
| you would sing | you would sell | you would leave |
| he would sing | he would sell | he would leave |
| we would sing | we would sell | we would leave |
| you would sing | you would sell | you would leave |
| they would sing | they would sell | they would leave |
Compound tenses of the indicative mood
Compound tenses are verb phrases, that is, they are composed of two verbs that, together, have the morphological function of a single verb.
Compound tenses are formed by a main verb and an auxiliary verb ("to have" or "to have"). In this junction, the main verb is always inflected in the participle, while the auxiliary presents the variations of person, number, mood, tense and voice.
Past perfect tense
The past perfect tense of the indicative indicates a continuous action in the past that extends to the present. In it, we have the auxiliary verb conjugated in the present tense and the main verb, in the participle.
Examples:
- I have been drinking too much.
- My grandmother has left little home.
- They have worked a lot lately.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| I have sung | I have sold | I have left |
| you have sung | you have sold | you have left |
| has been singing | has sold | has gone |
| we have sung | we have sold | we have left |
| we have sung | we have sold | we have left |
| have sung | have sold | have gone |
Past perfect tense composed of the indicative
The pluperfect compound of the indicative presents an action that took place before another past action. It is formed by an auxiliary verb inflected in the imperfect tense of the indicative and the main verb in the participle.
Examples:
- When we arrived, the show it already had started.
- Already had sold all the snacks when we arrived at the tent.
- Already Had thought on it before.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| had sung | had sold | had left |
| you had sung | you had sold | you had left |
| had sung | had sold | had left |
| we had sung | we had sold | we had left |
| you had sung | sneakers sold | you had broken |
| had sung | had sold | had left |
Future of the present tense
The future of the present compound indicative of a future action that ends before another future action. It consists of a main verb in the participle and an auxiliary verb conjugated in the simple present tense.
Examples:
- Already I will have finished lunch at this time.
- in three days already I will have written the article.
- Does will have finished the works on the viaduct?
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| I will have sung | I will have sold | I will have left |
| you will have sung | you will have sold | you will have left |
| will have sung | will have sold | will have gone |
| we will have sung | we will have sold | we will have left |
| you will have sung | you will have sold | you will have left |
| will have sung | will have sold | will have gone |
Future of the past tense of the indicative
The past tense of the indicative presents a conditioned action, that is, it could have happened after another past action. It consists of a main verb in the participle and an auxiliary verb in the simple past tense of the indicative.
Examples:
- we would have stayed more if time wasn't so short.
- none of that would have occurred if they were more prudent.
- No would have slept as much if I had set my cell phone to wake up.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| would have sung | would have sold | would have left |
| you would have sung | you would have sold | you would have left |
| would have sung | would have sold | would have left |
| we would have sung | we would have sold | we would have left |
| you would have sung | you would have sold | you would have left |
| would have sung | would have sold | would have left |
Subjunctive verb tenses
The subjunctive mood indicates a possible, doubtful, hypothetical fact. It's the subjective way.
Examples:
- It is likely that Knife good time.
- If you say the truth...
- When I you to take...
Simple verb tenses in the subjunctive mood
Gift
The present tense of the subjunctive presents actions that can occur both in the present and in the future. These actions usually express a wish, assumption or hypothesis.
Examples:
I expect let her fall for real.
I cheer for what sales all merchandise.
Will take that we touch again at the festival.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| let me sing | that I sell | let me leave |
| that you sing | that you sell | that you leave |
| let him sing | that he sells | let him leave |
| that we sing | that we sell | that we leave |
| that you sing | that you sell | that you leave |
| let them sing | that they sell | let them leave |
imperfect tense
The imperfect tense of the subjunctive mood indicates conditioned actions, expressing wishes and probabilities.
Examples:
- if I sang then I would be rich.
- everyone would be happy if they left.
- if you could pay what you owe, I would appreciate it.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| if I sang | if I sold | if I left |
| if you sang | if you sold | if you left |
| if he sang | if he sold | if he left |
| if we sang | if we sold | if we left |
| if you sang | if you sell | if you left |
| if they sang | if they sold | if they left |
Future
The future tense of the subjunctive mood presents actions that can happen at a later time than the utterance.
Examples:
- when you grow up, you will find out.
- if she does, I do too.
- we will have lunch when we get there at home.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| when/if i sing | when/if i sell | when/if i leave |
| when/if you sing | when/if you sell | when/if you leave |
| when/if he sings | when/if he sells | when/if he leaves |
| when/if we sing | when/if we sell | when/if we leave |
| when/if you sing | when/if you sell | when/if you leave |
| when/if they sing | when/if they sell | when/if they leave |
Compound tenses in the subjunctive mood
Past perfect subjunctive
The past perfect subjunctive indicates a completed action situated in the past or future. It is established by joining a main verb in the participle and an auxiliary verb conjugated in the present subjunctive.
Examples:
- It's impossible that have returned so quickly.
- I only leave here later that you have finished to tell me everything.
- my sincere wish is that we have finished good.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| that I have sung | that I have sold | that I have left |
| that you have sung | that you have sold | that you have left |
| that he has sung | that he has sold | that he has left |
| that we have sung | that we have sold | that we have left |
| that you have sung | that you have sold | that you have left |
| that they have sung | that they have sold | that they have left |
Past perfect pluperfect compound subjunctive
The pluperfect compound subjunctive presents an action that took place before another past action. It is formed by the union of a main verb in the participle and an auxiliary verb inflected in the imperfect subjunctive.
Examples:
- if i had heard my mother's advice, I would be much better now.
- It would have been easier to find the house if they had passed the correct address.
- No stone would be left unturned if she had said the whole truth.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| if I had sung | if I had sold | if I had left |
| if you had sung | if you had sold | if you had left |
| if he had sung | if he had sold | if he had left |
| if we had sung | if we had sold | if we had left |
| if you had sung | if you had sold | if you had left |
| if they had sung | if they had sold | if they had left |
Future compound subjunctive
The future compound subjunctive expresses an action completed before another future action. It consists of a main verb in the participle and an auxiliary verb conjugated in the simple future subjunctive.
Examples:
- please let me know when they are finished the discussion.
- when i'm gone, they are likely to appear.
- just stop running when you have bent the corner.
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| when I have sung | when i have sold | when i'm gone |
| when you have sung | when you have sold | when you're gone |
| when he has sung | when he has sold | when he's gone |
| when we've sung | when we have sold | when we're gone |
| when you have sung | when you have sold | when you're gone |
| when they have sung | when they have sold | when they're gone |
Imperative mood verb tenses
The verb tenses of the imperative mood enunciate order, prohibition, request, advice, supplication.
Examples:
- He leavesus in peace!
- don't let go the book here!
- Comes, my passion flower.
- study, study, my sons!
- Please, ingive me one more chance.
The imperative mood is divided into two categories: affirmative imperative and negative imperative.
affirmative imperative
The affirmative imperative indicates an affirmative request from the speaker to the receiver.
Examples:
- "In between through this door now..." (Adriana Calcanhoto)
- "put a rainbow in your jug..." (Paulo Diniz)
- "try again..." (Raul Seixas)
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| - | - | - |
| you sing | sell you | part you |
| sing you | sell you | leave you |
| we sing | let's sell ourselves | let's go |
| sing you | sell yourselves | leave you |
| sing you | sell you | leave you |
negative imperative
The affirmative imperative indicates a request from the enunciator to the receiver through a negative expression.
Examples:
- "Do not go, don't leave me in this loneliness..." (Timbalada)
- "Comes, do not have fear, the door is closed..." (Sérgio Sampaio)
- "Look! Do not say that the song is lost..." (Raul Seixas)
| sing | sell | leave |
|---|---|---|
| - | - | - |
| you don't sing | you don't sell | you don't leave |
| don't sing you | don't sell you | don't leave you |
| let's not sing | let's not sell | let's not leave |
| don't sing yourselves | don't sell yourselves | you don't leave |
| don't sing you | don't sell you | don't leave you |
Bibliography:
- CEGALLA, D. P. Brand new grammar of the Portuguese language. São Paulo, National Publishing Company. 2009.
- CUNHA, C.; CINTRA, L. New grammar of contemporary Portuguese. Rio de Janeiro, Lexikon, 2013.
- TELLES, V. T. Practical course in writing and applied grammar. Curitiba, National Book Scholarship, 1984.
See too:
- Verb
- Part of speech
