Main works and authors of Romanticism

The works of Romanticism take on different characteristics according to the stage to which they belong. This literary school is divided into three phases, which are mainly characterized by nationalism (from the first romantic generation), by pessimism (from the second romantic generation) and by freedom and eroticism (from the third generation romantic).

Main works of the first generation of Romanticism

1. Poetic Sighs and Saudades (1836), by Gonçalves de Magalhães
2. The poet and the Inquisition (1839), by Gonçalves de Magalhães
3. the little brunette (1844), by Joaquim Manuel de Macedo
4. O Moço Loiro (1845), by Joaquim Manuel de Macedo
5. Song of Exile (1846), by Gonçalves Dias
6. The Destruction of Forests (1846), by Manuel de Araújo Porto Alegre
7. I-Juca-Pirama (1851), by Gonçalves Dias
8. Memoirs of a militia sergeant (1852), by Manuel António de Almeida
9. Five Minutes (1856), by José de Alencar
10. The Confederation of Tamoios (1857), by Gonçalves de Magalhães
11. Os Timbiras (1857), by Gonçalves Dias
12. The Guarani (1857), by José de Alencar
13. A Viuvinha (1857), by José de Alencar
14. O Sertanejo (1857), by José de Alencar
15. The Indigenous Peoples of Brazil and History (1860), by Gonçalves de Magalhães
16. Brasilianas (1863), by Manuel de Araújo Porto Alegre
17. iracema (1865), by José de Alencar
18. Colombo (1866), by Manuel de Araújo Porto Alegre
19. A Magic Lunette (1869), by Joaquim Manuel de Macedo
20. As Vítimas-Algozes (1869), by Joaquim Manuel de Macedo
21. Ubirajara (1874), by José de Alencar

Features: the main characteristics present in the works of the first phase of Romanticism are Indianism, exaltation of nature and boastful nationalism.

Historical context: when Romanticism began in the country, the Independence of Brazil had already taken place (1822). At that time, there was a strong feeling of patriotism.

For this reason, the main theme in the works of the first romantic generation in Brazil was the Indian, who assumed the role of national hero.

In Portugal, the following stand out:

• Camões (1825), by Almeida Garret
• Eurico the Priest (1844), by Alexandre Herculano
• A Chave do Enigma (1862), António Feliciano de Castilho

Main works of the second generation of Romanticism

1. Macário (1852), by Álvares de Azevedo
2. Lira dos Twenty Years (1853), by Álvares de Azevedo
3. Trovas (1853), by Laurindo Rabelo
4. Night at the Taverna (1855), by Álvares de Azevedo
5. Inspirations from the Cloister (1855), by Junqueira Freire
6. Poetic Contradictions (1855), by Junqueira Freire
7. Pages Soltas (1855), by Pedro de Calasans
8. My Eight Years (1857), by Casimiro de Abreu
9. Last Pages (1858), by Pedro de Calasans
10. As Primaveras (1859), by Casimiro de Abreu
11. Nocturnes (1860), by Fagundes Varella
12. Canticle of Calvário (1863), by Fagundes Varella
13. Voices of America (1864), by Fagundes Varella
14. Cantos e Fantasias (1865), by Fagundes Varella
15. The Death of a Virgin (1867), by Pedro de Calasans
16. The Rose and the Sun (1867), by Pedro de Calasans
17. Cantos Meridionales (1869), by Fagundes Varella
18. Cantos do Ermo e da Cidade (1869), by Fagundes Varella

Features: the main characteristics present in the works of the second phase of Romanticism are pessimism, escapism (desire to escape reality) and a taste for the morbid.

Historical context: at this time in Brazilian literature, youth had lost hope, and society's problems are not valued. Self-centered, the problems center on personal problems, especially love disappointments.

Thus, the works of this phase are marked by a pessimistic tone - heavily influenced by Byron, one of the main romantics in Europe who was a true pessimist. For this reason, the second generation of Romanticism became known as the “Byronic generation”.

In Portugal, the following stand out:

• The Engagement of the Sepulcro (1850), by Soares de Passos
• Amor de Perdição (1862), by Camilo Castelo Branco
• Memories of Prison (1862), by Camilo Castelo Branco

Main works of the third generation of Romanticism

1. Savage Harps (1857), by Sousândrade
2. Glosa (1864), by Tobias Barreto
3. Amar (1866), by Tobias Barreto
4. The Genius of Humanity (1866), by Tobias Barreto
5. Slavery (1868), by Tobias Barreto
6. the slave ship (1869), by Castro Alves
7. Contemporary Poetry (1869), by Sílvio Romero
8. Floating Foams (1870), by Castro Alves
9. The Waterfall of Paulo Afonso (1876), by Castro Alves
10. Songs of the End of the Century (1878), by Sílvio Romero
11. The Genius of Humanity (1881), by Tobias Barreto
12. Os Slaves (1883), by Castro Alves
13. Abolitionism (1883), by Joaquim Nabuco
14. Last Harpejos (1883), by Sílvio Romero
15. Slaves (1886), by Joaquim Nabuco
16. O Guesa Errante (1888), by Castro Alves
17. Minha Formation (1900), by Joaquim Nabuco

Features: the main characteristics present in the works of the third phase of Romanticism are eroticism, freedom and the theme around abolitionism.

Historical context: after the independence of Brazil (1822), the monarchy began to lose its strength, and people longed for the republic.

At the same time, slavery bothers and abolitionism takes center stage in this phase of Romanticism in Brazil. Thus, Castro Alves is the Brazilian author who stands out the most, as he explored the theme of abolitionism, becoming known as the “poet of slaves”.

In Portugal, the following stand out:

• The Pupils of the Lord Rector (1867), by Júlio Diniz
• Uma Família Inglesa (1868), by Júlio Diniz
• Flores do Campo (1868), by João de Deus

Read too:

• Romanticism
• Romanticism: characteristics and historical context
• Questions about Romanticism