O Nihilism it is a philosophical current that believes in emptiness.
The concept is based on the subjectivity of being, where there is no metaphysical foundation for human existence.
In other words, there are no “absolute truths” that underpin the traditions.
From Latin, the term "nihil” means “nothing”. It is, therefore, a philosophy, which supported by skepticism, is devoid of norms going against the ideals of materialistic and positive schools.
Note that the term nihilism is used in different ways. For some scholars it is a negative term, pessimistic, associated with destruction, anarchy and denial of all principles (social, political, religious).
As for other philosophers, the essence of the concept, if observed in a more detailed way, can lead to the liberation of the human being.
Nihilist Philosophers
The main German philosophers who approached and deepened on the subject of nihilism were:
- Friedrich Schlegel (1772-1829)
- Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831)
- Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)
- Martin Heidegger (1889-1976)
- Ernst Jünger (1895-1998)
- Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860)
- Jürgen Habermas (1929-)
Nietzsche's Nihilism
Through the nihilist current, the German philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche proposes the “absence of meaning” linked to the concept of “Superman”. They arise from the “Death of God”, that is, from the absence of any principle.
In this way, being men devoid of norms, beliefs, dogmas, traditions, they will govern their lives (free will). This will result in the creation of "new men" through what he calls the "will to power."
In such a way, the power and values resulting from institutions (religious, social and political) become non-existent. Thus arises, a free man, uncorrupted by any kind of belief, who makes his own choices.
When the “Superman” determined by Nietzsche acquires this power, the transmutation of all values will take place.
See too: Determinism.
Types of Nihilism
According to the philosopher, there are two types of Nihilism: passive nihilism and active nihilism.
In the passive, human evolution occurs, however, there is no change in values.
In active, human evolution happens the same way, however, it is responsible for the transmutation of values, as well as the creation of new ones.