In Portuguese, coordinated and subordinate clauses are types of clauses in which there are (or not) syntactic relationships.
It is worth remembering that syntax is the part of grammar that studies the function of words in sentences.
In the coordinated prayers, for example, there is no syntactic relationship between them and, therefore, they are independent clauses.
already the subordinate clauses receive this name because one is subordinate to the other. In this way they depend on each other for complete meaning and therefore have a syntactic relationship.
See below for explanations of each of them, the classifications of the clauses and many examples of coordinated and subordinate clauses.
What are coordinated prayers?
The coordinated prayers are independent prayers which already have a full meaning on their own. Thus, there is no syntactic relationship between them.
Types of Coordinated Prayers
This type of prayer is classified as two ways: syndectic and asyndetic coordinated sentences.
Syndetic coordinated prayer
In syndectic coordinated sentences, there is a coordinating conjunction that connects the words or terms of the sentences and, depending on the conjunction used, they can be of five types: additive, adversative, alternative, conclusive and explanatory.
1. Additive Syndetic Coordinated Prayer
Additive syndetic coordinated clauses are those in which the use of conjunctions (or conjunctive phrases) conveys the idea of addition. Additive conjunctions are: and, not, not only, but also, but still, how, so, etc.
Examples:
we went to school and we took the final exam.
- Prayer 1: We went to school
- Prayer 2: We took the final exam
Joelma loves to fish, but also loves to browse.
- Prayer 1: Joelma loves to fish
- Prayer 2: love to sail
With the examples, we can see that this kind of conjunction adds information to what was said above. Furthermore, it is important to realize that the above clauses, when separated, are independent as they have a complete meaning.
2. Adversative syndetic coordinated prayer
Adversative syndetic coordinated prayers are those that convey, through the conjunctions used, an idea of opposition or contrast. The adversative conjunctions are: and, but, yet, yet, however, but, yet, still, so, if not, etc.
Examples:
Pedro Henrique studies a lot, although does not pass the entrance exam.
- Prayer 1: Pedro Henrique studies a lot
- Prayer 2: does not pass the entrance exam
Daiana arranged with her friends to go to the party, However, it was raining heavily that night.
- Prayer 1: Daiana agreed with her friends to go to the party
- Prayer 2: it was raining a lot that night
Note that the conjunctions used in the above clauses convey the idea of opposition to what was said above. Furthermore, the sentences are independent since, if separated, they have a complete meaning.
3. alternative syndectic coordinated prayer
In alternative syndetic coordinated clauses, the conjunctions emphasize a choice among the existing options. The alternative conjunctions used are: or, or… or; well well; want Want; whether… whether, etc.
Examples:
Manuela now want to eat hamburger, now want to eat pizza.
- Prayer 1: Manuela now wants to eat hamburger
- Prayer 2: now want to eat pizza
do what your mother says or you will be grounded for the rest of the day.
- Prayer 1: Do what your mother tells you
- Prayer 2: you will be grounded for the rest of the day
In both examples, the clauses are independent, and the conjunctions used indicate options and, therefore, are called alternatives.
4. Syndetic coordinated concluding prayer
The concluding syndetic coordinated sentences express conclusions and, for this reason, they make use of the concluding conjunctions (or phrases): therefore, so, therefore, finally, consequently, because, then, consequently, etc.
Examples:
We don't like the restaurant, therefore we won't go there anymore.
- Prayer 1: We don't like the restaurant
- Prayer 2: We won't go there anymore
Alice did not take the test, thus will make the replacement at the end of the year.
- Prayer 1: Alice didn't take the test
- Prayer 2: make the substitution at the end of the year
In the examples, the highlighted words are concluding conjunctions that convey the idea of concluding something that was mentioned in the main clause.
5. Syndetic explanatory coordinated prayer
In explanatory syndetic coordinated clauses, the conjunctions or phrases that link the clauses express a explanation. They are: that is, that is, namely, actually, why, what, why, etc.
Examples:
Marina didn't want to talk, i.e, she was in a bad mood.
- Prayer 1: Marina didn't want to talk
- Prayer 2: she was in a bad mood
Pedro did not go to the football game why I was tired.
- Prayer 1: Peter didn't go to the football game
- Prayer 2: I was tired
The examples show that with the use of explanatory conjunctions, independent clauses come together in order to explain what was said above.
asyndetic coordinated prayer
Unlike syndectic coordinated clauses, asyndetic coordinated clauses do not require conjunctions that connect the terms or words of the sentence.
Examples:
- Lena was sad, tired, disappointed.
- When we get to school we talk, study, have a snack
In the examples above there is no conjunction (or conjunctive phrase) that links the clauses, and therefore we have asyndetic coordinated clauses.
Learn all about this topic by reading the texts:
- coordinated prayers
- Coordinating conjunctions
- Period composed by coordination
- Coordinated Prayer Exercises
What are subordinate clauses?
Subordinate clauses, unlike coordinates, are dependent prayers. Thus, when separated, they do not have a complete meaning and, therefore, receive this name, so that one is subordinate to the other.
Types of subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses are classified as three ways: nouns, adjectives and adverbials. This will depend on the syntactic relationship established.
Substantive Subordinate Prayers
Substantive subordinate clauses are those that exercise the noun function. It is worth remembering that the noun is one of the classes of words that names beings, objects, phenomena, etc.
This kind of prayer can present itself from two ways: developed prayers or reduced prayers.
In the developed prayers, the integral conjunctions “that” and “if” are at the beginning of the clauses, and may accompany pronouns, conjunctions or conjunctive phrases.
already the reduced prayers they do not have an integral conjunction, and appear with the verb in the infinitive, participle, or gerund.
That said, the developed clauses can play the role of subject, predicate, nominal complement, direct object, indirect object and affixed, being classified in six types: subjective, predicative, nominal complement, direct objective, indirect objective, apositive.
1. Subjective substantive subordinate clause
Subjective substantive subordinate clauses exercise the function of subject of the main prayer. Remember that the subject is the one or the one that (m) is being talked about.
Examples:
Is important that you drink water.
- Main prayer: It's important
- Subordinate prayer: that you drink water
It's possible let paloma come out again.
- Main prayer: It is possible
- Subordinate clause: let Paloma leave again
Note that the main clause has no subject and the subordinate clause, in addition to completing the meaning of the first clause, plays the role of the clause's subject.
2. Subordinate predicative substantive clause
Subordinate predicative substantive clauses exercise the function of subject predicative of the main clause and always present a connecting verb (to be, to be, to appear, to remain, to continue, to stay, etc.).
It is worth remembering that the subject's predicative is the term that has the function of attributing a quality to the subject.
Examples:
my fear is that she doesn't win the championship.
- Main prayer: My fear is
- Subordinate prayer: may she not win the championship
our wish is that he pass the final exams.
- Main prayer: Our wish is
- Subordinate prayer: may he pass the final exams
In the examples, we notice that from the presence of the connecting verb, the subject of the sentence is qualified.
3. Subordinate substantive nominal complement clause
Nominal substantive substantive subordinate clauses exercise the function of nominal complement of the verb of the main clause, completing the meaning of the name of the main clause. This kind of prayer always starts with a preposition.
Note that the noun complement completes the meaning of a name (noun, adjective or adverb).
Examples:
I have hope that humanity becomes aware.
- Main prayer: I hope
- Subordinate prayer: that humanity becomes aware
we were sure that she would pass the test.
- Main prayer: We were sure
- Subordinate clause: that she would pass the test
In the examples above, the complementary subordinate clauses always start with a preposition: "of". Both complement the names (nouns) of the main clause: hope; certainty.
4. Direct objective substantive subordinate clause
Direct objective substantive subordinate clauses exercise the function of direct object of the verb of the main clause and, therefore, the complement is not accompanied by a preposition.
It is worth noting that the direct object is a verbal complement that completes the meaning of the transitive verbs of sentences.
Examples:
Desire everyone have a good day.
- Main prayer: Desire
- Subordinate prayer: may everyone have a good day
I expect that you pass the contest.
- Main prayer: I hope
- Subordinate prayer: that you pass the contest
In the examples above, the subordinate clauses have no preposition and have the direct object value of the main clause.
Thus, they complete the sense of the transitive verb, since it alone does not provide complete information. Example: whoever wants, wants something; whoever waits, expects something.
5. Indirect objective substantive subordinate clause
The indirect objective substantive subordinate clauses exercise the function of indirect object of the verb of the main clause, complementing it.
It is worth remembering that the indirect object has the function of completing the meaning of the transitive verb in the sentence. Thus, in this type of clause, the integral subordinate conjunction is always preceded by a preposition (what or if).
Examples:
I need that you fill in the form again.
- Main prayer: I need
- Subordinate clause: that you fill in the form again
would that all people became aware.
- Main prayer: I would
- Subordinate prayer: that all people become aware
In the examples above, the subordinate clauses complete the meaning of the transitive verbs of the main clause, as they alone do not have a complete meaning (those who need it, need something; who likes, likes something or someone). Furthermore, we can note that before the conjunctions (which) we have the prepositions (de).
6. Subordinate clause apositive substantive
Subpositive substantive clauses perform the function of bet of any term present in the main clause. In this case, the main clause can end with a colon, a semicolon or a comma.
It is worth remembering that the bet is a term whose function is to exemplify or specify another one previously mentioned in the sentence.
Examples:
My only wish: win the olympics.
- Main prayer: My only wish
- Subordinate prayer: winning the Olympics
I just ask you this: help us.
- Main prayer: I only ask you this
- Subordinate prayer: help us
In the examples above, the subordinate sentences have the function of an affix, as they better specify something mentioned in the main clause.
Expand your knowledge of this type of prayer:
- Substantive Subordinate Prayers
- Substantive Subordinate Prayer Exercises
Adjective Subordinated Prayers
Adjective subordinate clauses are those that function as adnominal deputy, which have the same function as the adjective and, therefore, receive this name.
These prayers can be developed or shortened. In the developed sentences, the verbs appear in the indicative and subjunctive modes and always begin with a pronoun relative (what, who, which, how much, where, whose, etc.), which exercise the function of adjunct to the term background.
In reduced clauses, verbs appear in the infinitive, gerund or participle and do not begin with a relative pronoun.
That said, the subordinate clauses developed adjectives are classified into two types: explanatory and restrictive.
1. Subordinate clause explanatory adjective
Subordinate clauses explanatory adjectives are given this name because it is intended to explain something that was said earlier. This type of subordinate clause is separated by some punctuation mark, usually commas.
Examples:
José de Alencar's books, that were indicated by the teacher, they are very good.
- Main prayer: José de Alencar's books are very good
- Subordinate clause: which were indicated by the teacher
The learning system, which was developed by the school, surprised everyone.
- Main prayer: The learning system surprised everyone
- Subordinate clause: which was developed by the school
In the examples above, the explanatory adjective subordinate clauses appear between commas, adding an extra comment about the antecedent of the main clause.
Note that, in these cases, the subordinate clauses approach an explanatory apposition and can be removed without affecting the meaning of the other.
2. Subordinate adjective restrictive clause
The restrictive adjective subordinate clauses, as opposed to the explanatory ones, which expand the explanation about something, restrict, specify or particularize the antecedent term. Here they are not separated by punctuation marks.
Examples:
The students who don't read usually have more difficulties to write a text.
- Main prayer: Students often have more difficulty writing a text
- Subordinate clause: who do not read
People who exercise every day tend to live longer.
- Main prayer: People tend to live longer
- Subordinate prayer: who exercise every day
From the examples above, it is noted that, unlike explanatory adjective clauses, if the subordinate clauses were removed, they will affect the meaning of the main clause.
Another thing to note is that these do not have commas and restrict the term antecedent rather than explaining them.
See also the texts:
- Subordinate adjective clauses
- Subordinate conjunctions
Adverbial Subordinated Prayers
Adverbial subordinate clauses are those that exercise the adverb function functioning as an adverbial adjunct.
The clauses of this type are initiated by a conjunction or subordinate phrase, which has the function of connecting the clauses (main and subordinate).
Thus, depending on the term used, they are classified into nine types: causal, comparative, concessive, conditional, conformative, consecutive, final, temporal, proportional.
1. causal adverbial subordinate clause
The causal adverbial subordinate clauses express the cause or motive that the main clause references. The adverbial conjunctions or phrases used are: why, what, how, why, why, since, since, since, since, etc.
Examples:
We didn't go to the beach since it was raining a lot.
- Main prayer: We didn't go to the beach
- Subordinate clause: since it was raining a lot
I will not study today because I have a headache.
- Main prayer: I will not study today
- Subordinate prayer: because I have a headache
The subordinate clauses exemplified above highlight why the main clause refers. The integral conjunctions that express this are: "since" and "because".
2. Subordinate adverbial comparative clause
Comparative adverbial subordinate clauses express Comparation between the main and subordinate clauses.
The adverbial conjunctions or phrases used are: as, as well as, as, as much as, as much as, as if, than, as, as, as, as, or, which (combined with less or more), etc.
Examples:
my mother is very nervous how was i before.
- Main prayer: My mother is very nervous
- Subordinate clause: as I was before
She didn't study for the exam as much as it should.
- Main prayer: She didn't study for the exam
- Subordinate clause: as much as it should
In the examples above, the subordinate clauses make a comparison using the integral conjunctions: "as" and "as much as".
3. Subordinate adverbial concessive clause
Subordinate adverbial concessive clauses express grant or permission in relation to the main prayer. In this way, they present an opposite or opposite idea.
The adverbial conjunctions or phrases used in these clauses are: although, although, however much, since, even though, despite, although, even if, in whatever weight, etc.
Examples:
although I don't want to, I'll make you dinner.
- Main prayer: I'll make you dinner
- Subordinate clause: Although I don't want to
Even if you like sandals, I wont buy.
- Main prayer: I won't buy
- Subordinate clause: Even if you like the sandal
Above, we can see that the conjunction "although" and the concessive phrase "even if" present in the subordinate clauses express an opposite idea in relation to the main clauses.
4. Subordinate adverbial conditional clause
Conditional adverbial subordinate clauses express condition. The adverbial conjunctions or phrases used are: if, case, provided that, unless, unless, provided, unless, without, etc.
Examples:
If it is rainning, we will not go to the event.
- Main prayer: we will not go to the event
- Subordinate clause: If it's raining
If he's not at school, I will visit him.
- Main prayer: I will visit you
- Subordinate clause: If he is not in school
The subordinate clauses in the examples above express a condition through the use of the integral conjunctions used: "if" and "case".
5. Adverbial conformative subordinate clause
The conformative adverbial subordinate clauses express conformity in relation to what was expressed in the main clause. The adverbial integrant conjunctions used are: according, second, like, consonant, according, etc.
Examples:
According to the rules imposed by the government, the quarantine must be respected.
- Main prayer: quarantine must be respected
- Subordinate prayer: According to the rules imposed by the government
I will make the bread dough according to my mother's teachings.
- Main prayer: I will make the bread recipe
- Subordinate prayer: according to my mother's teachings
According to the examples above, subordinate clauses express conformity to the main clause emphasized by the conjunctions used: "second" and "consonant".
6. Adverbial consecutive subordinate clause
The consecutive adverbial subordinate clauses express consequence. The adverbial integrant conjunctive phrases used are: so that, so that, without that, so that, so that, etc.
Examples:
The lecture was bad, so we don't understand anything.
- Main prayer: The lecture was bad
- Subordinate clause: so we don't understand anything
Never abandoned your dreams, so that he ended up making them.
- Main prayer: Never abandoned your dreams
- Subordinate clause: so that ended up making them concrete
In both examples, the subordinate clauses express the consequences expressed in the main clause. For this, the conjunctive phrases used were: "so that", "so that".
7. Subordinate adverbial final clause
The final adverbial subordinate clauses express goal. The adverbial conjunctions and phrases used in this case are: so that, for what, what, why, etc.
Examples:
we are in college so we can learn more.
- Main prayer: We are in college
- Subordinate prayer: so we can learn more
The athlete trained days in order to achieve the best score in the final exam.
- Main prayer: Athlete trained days
- Subordinate clause: in order to achieve the best score on the final exam
The subordinate clauses above used the conjunctive phrases ("so that" and "so that") in order to indicate the purpose of something that was mentioned in the main clause.
8. Temporal Adverbial Subordinate clause
Temporal adverbial subordinate clauses express circumstance of time. The adverbial conjunctions and phrases used are: while, when, since, whenever, so what, now that, before that, after that, as soon as, etc.
Examples:
you will become famous when to publish your book.
- Main prayer: You will become famous
- Subordinate clause: when to publish your book
I will be happier as soon as you know the final grade of the exam.
- Main prayer: I will be happier
- Subordinate clause: as soon as you know the final exam grade
Using the conjunction "when" and the conjunctive phrase "as soon as," the subordinate clauses in the examples indicate temporal circumstances.
9. Proportional adverbial subordinate clause
Proportional adverbial subordinate clauses express proportionality. The adverbial integrant conjunctive phrases used are: as, as, while, so much more, so much less, how much more, how much less, etc.
Examples:
the rain got worse as the hurricane came closer.
- Main prayer: The rain got worse
- Subordinate clause: as the hurricane drew closer
The more I struggled in training, the happier I was.
- Main prayer: happier I was
- Subordinate prayer: The more he struggled in training
The conjunctive phrases in the examples ("as" and "how much more") emphasize the proportion expressed in the main clause.
To help you further with this theme, see also:
- Subordinate clauses
- Adverbial Subordinated Prayers