question 1
(Pucsp 2006) Consider the following texts, which refer to two distinct moments in history German: respectively, to the unification of the national state, in the 19th century, and to the Nazi period, in the 20th century.
“Bismarck himself seems not to have been much concerned with symbolism, other than creating a tricolor flag, which united the white and black Prussian with the liberal nationalist black, red and gold (...).”
(Eric Hobsbawn. “The invention of traditions”. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1984, p. 281)
"Hitler writes about the flag: ‘as National Socialists, we see our program in our flag. We see in red the social idea of the movement, in white the nationalist idea, in the swastika our mission to fight for the victory of the Aryan man and, through the same struggle, the victory of the idea of creative work that, as it has always been, will always be anti-Semitic'."
(Wilhelm Reich. “Mass Psychology of Fascism”. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1988, p. 94 -5)
About the processes and historical periods mentioned above, it can be said that
a) Nazism came to power through a military coup, in 1933, and created the Third Empire (“Reich”), starting a period of strong territorial expansion and annexation, which continued even after its defeat in World War II. World.
b) the unification took place in 1848, in the so-called “Spring of the Peoples”, when workers rebelled against the political fragmentation of the German Confederation and allied with Austria to achieve national unity German.
c) Nazism was defeated at the end of World War II, in 1945, when Germany was divided among the winners and its industrial production capacity was destroyed to become an agricultural country, the “granary of Europe".
d) the unification involved several conflicts and gave birth, in 1871, under Prussian command, to the Second Empire (“Reich”), starting a period of accelerated German economic and military expansion, which lasted until World War I World.
e) Nazism emerged after World War I, in 1918, and preached the need for Germany to fight against communists and Jews, “internal enemies”, but allying themselves with neighboring countries with white and Aryan populations, such as France and England.
question 2
Also considering the texts presented in Question 1, answer:
The composition of the two flags to which the texts refer lends itself, in both cases, to:
a) represent the socialist character of the modern German state, hence the presence of red on both flags.
b) identify the victorious and dominant political project with society as a whole and with the German State.
c) defend the peace conquered after the periods of war, hence the presence of white in both flags.
d) value the diversity of existing political proposals, characterizing Germany as a democratic and plural country.
e) demonstrate the religious and Christian character of the German State, hence the presence of black on both flags.
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