THE RevolutionRussian 1917 was one of the main events of the 20th century. An event that broke out during the First World War (1914-1918), despite its antecedents refer to the year 1905, when the first revolutionary attempt, which triggered the remarkable episode known as SundayBloody.
The main aspect of the Russian Revolution is that it was guided by the communist doctrine, developed by the German philosopher KarlMarx in the nineteenth century - with the exception that such doctrine was complemented and added to a strategic plan by the one who became the most important leader of the revolution: Lenin
At the turn of the 19th to the 20th century, Russia, then a tsarist empire that had been ruled for over three hundred years by the same dynasty (Romanov), began to suffer economic and political pressures. One of the big problems facing Russia was technological backwardness. The Romanov Empire had not yet managed to promote deep transformations in the area of industry and remained a a deeply agrarian society and with a dissatisfied population, both peasants and workers as well as the bourgeois formed.
In addition, the tsarist Empire spent a good part of its budget on wars, such as the Russian-Japanese War, launched between 1904 and 1905. In this context, political parties that sought to represent the sectors of Russian society most dissatisfied with the tsar's regime gained strength. In addition to liberal parties, the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party (RSDRP) stood out as an inspirational party Marxist, but with great divergence of thought among its members. The divergent trends of RSDRP polarized between the Mensheviks, the minority, and the Bolsheviks, most.
You Mensheviks were led by Yulymartov and georgyPlekanov and they had a posture more in tune with the thought of orthodox Marxism, that is, they argued that the communist revolution in Russia should follow the steps defined by Marx. Therefore, the bourgeoisie should develop the country through a capitalist industrial reform deep, bury the tsarist regime and only later would the working class lead a revolution in the wake of the communism.
You Bolsheviks, who had as a leader vladimirillitchUlyanov, known as Lenin, proposed an alternative different from that supported by orthodox Marxism. For Lenin, the revolution could be accelerated in a country without economic frameworks with high capitalist development (as was the case in Russia). This "acceleration" could be operated and led by the alliance between the working class and the peasantry - being that both would receive the guidance of a revolutionary committee formed by intellectuals and leaders supporters.
After the rebellions and strikes started in 1905, the Russian Empire tried to articulate with the liberals to try to promote reforms that benefited peasants, workers and bourgeois. The solution for this was the creation of the Of, that is, Assembly of Popular Representation. Meanwhile, there was also the process of political organization of workers around the soviets, that is, deliberative councils that were extinguished after the resumption of order by the tsar and that would only regain prominence in 1917.
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With Russia's entry into yet another war, World War I, the tsar's power Nicholas II started to get even weaker. In February 1917, a combination of demonstrations, strikes and various acts of insubordination on the part of peasants, workers and the military across Russia brought about the fall of the tsar and the end of the Empire. These events became known as February revolution. These events followed what some historians called the “bourgeois-democratic stage”, consisting of a GovernmentProvisional, resulting from an alliance between the sovietinPetrograd, that it was controlled by workers and military, and a central power controlled by the liberal bourgeoisie.
This alliance, however, soon proved fragile. The duality of bourgeois and proletarian interests intensified in the following months. One of the main points of divergence between the two commands was the continued presence in the war, defended by the Provisional Government and repudiated by the Petrograd Soviet. In April 1917 Lenin forwarded to the Bolsheviks the theses, or proposals, which would withdraw Russia from the war and dissolve the Provisional Government.
Lenin's proposal proclaimed above all the motto: “allpowerto thesoviets”. Lenin and LeonTrotsky they were primarily responsible for shifting the revolution towards a Bolshevik character. The scenario caused by the First World War provided favorable conditions for this, as emphasized by researcher Silvio Pons: “Lenin's revolutionary vision was born in close interaction with the experience and psychology of war. It strengthened itself more with its own schematism than with its intellectual rearguard, employing Marxist legitimacy with a view to a political rupture. Lenin understood that the world war, which began as a war between states, carried the risk of profound disruption of European civil order. And, at the same time, he saw the potential that the military mobilization and its social impact presented for the explanation of a new mass policy". (PONS, Silvio. The Global Revolution: History of International Communism, 1917-1991. Rio de Janeiro: Contraponto Editora; Brasília: Astrojildo Pereira Foundation, 2014. p.50)
In October 1917, Lenin and Trotsky commanded the RevolutionBolshevik, which later became known as October Revolution. The first tactic of the Bolshevik revolution was the call communisminwar, used mainly in the fight of the ArmyRed, led by Trotsky, against the ArmyWhite, of conservative and counterrevolutionary matrix.
From 1919 onwards, the Bolshevik offensive moved to the political and, above all, political-economic level, with the creation of the NEP (New Economic Policy), developed by Lenin in 1921. O Lenin's governmentlaid the foundations of what would be the “Soviet republics”.
By Me. Cláudio Fernandes
(AMEOSC - adapted) The Bolshevik party, before the fall of the Czar, was led by:
(AGIRH - adapted) Between 1904 and 1905, a series of military defeats by the Russian Empire at war with Japan shook the already fragile base of the tsarist government of Nicholas II. These defeats further worsened the living conditions of the majority of the poor and destitute population. On January 22, 1905, Russian workers organized a peaceful demonstration to demand better wages and reduced working hours. The tsar ordered the imperial guards to crack down on the protesters, killing hundreds of men, women and children. This episode was known as:
e) Menshevik Revolution.
