THE Fourth Republic, also known as RepublicPopulist, was a period of Brazilian history that began in 1946, with the possession of Eurico Gaspar Dutra, and finished in 1964, with the Civil-Military Coup that marked the beginning of Military dictatorship in Brazil. The Populist Republic was marked by intense political tensions and the developmental policy of Brazil.
Presidents of the Fourth Republic (Populist Republic)
Brazil had a series of presidents throughout the period of the Fourth Republic, in which four presidential elections took place: in 1945, 1950, 1955 and 1960. See below the list of presidents for that period:
Eurico Gaspar Dutra (1946-1951)
Getulio Vargas (1951-1954)
coffee son (1954-1955)
Carlos Luz (1955)
Nereus Ramos (1955-1956)
Juscelino Kubitschek (1956-1961)
Janio Quadro (1961)
Ranieri Mazzilli (1961)
João Goulart (1961-1964)
In 1965, there should have been a new presidential election (there were even postulants, of whom Juscelino Kubitschek and Carlos Lacerda stand out), however, from March to April 1964, the
Civil-Military Coup put an end to this democratic experiment in Brazil.See too:Meet the opposition movement to the dictatorship created by Carlos Lacerda
transition to democracy
The beginning of the Fourth Republic was a direct result of the erosion of the dictatorial regime installed by Vargas in 1937, the new state. Between 1942 and 1943, Vargas' mass politics began to trouble a significant portion of the country. In addition, people began to question the fact that there was a police state that imposed censorship and centralized power internally, while externally, Brazilian troops they were sent to Europe since 1944 to fight Nazi-fascism in defense of democratic values.
Also click: See more information about the Nazism it's the Fascism
This picture directly reflected in part of the Brazilian elite and in the military circles. Thus, at the turn of 1944 to 1945, both groups began to increase efforts to bring about a transition of power to a democratic regime. In response to this claim, Vargas announced the Additional Act, a constitutional amendment enacted in February 1945.
This amendment to the 1937 Constitution decreed that the date for holding a presidential election in Brazil would be determined within 90 days. With this amendment, the political parties that would compete in the dispute for power and that would play a leading role in Brazilian politics during the Fourth Republic began to organize themselves in Brazil.
Throughout 1945, Vargas' wear of power expanded considerably. First, the “Queremism”, movement that claimed the democratization of the country under the tutelage of Vargas. The emergence of this action displeased the liberals, who claimed that Vargas should not participate in the election.
In addition, Vargas enacted a law in August against the trust and monopoly practices, which the liberals disliked. In October, it issued a decree in anticipation of the country's state and municipal elections, increasing its weariness with the country's anti-Getulist portion.
The trigger for the presidential deposition happened when Vargas resigned João Alberto, chief of the Federal District police, replacing him with Benjamin Vargas, his brother. This action deeply displeased the military, who acted and gave a ultimatum to the president, forcing him to abandon the presidency of Brazil.
Mind Map - Fourth Republic
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Fourth Republic Political Framework
With the Additional Act and the guarantee that the presidential election in Brazil would be held in 1945, our country's political life was shaken. Political parties began to organize themselves for the presidential dispute and for the state and municipal disputes, which would also take place during this period. During the Fourth Republic, there were several political parties in the country. Among them, the three largest can be highlighted:
UnitydemocraticNational (UDN): liberal and conservative party organized around a moralist agenda that mainly attacked corruption, associating it with its opponents. The speech of that party focused on the anti-getulism and, during the Fourth Republic, it acted to weaken the established democracy. Carloslacerda he was the greatest personality of that party.
Social Democratic Party (PSD): this party emerged with the role of bureaucrats in the cadres of the Estado Novo and had a large participation of interventors appointed by Vargas. This party was the largest of this period and showed great ability to garner votes from voters. juscelinoKubitschek was the standout name.
Brazilian Labor Party (PTB): party created by Getúlio Vargas himself as a way to continue his policy of approaching the masses. The PTB had a strong appeal, above all, to urban workers and, throughout the Fourth Republic, it aligned its agendas with the political left. The highlights of this party were GetulioVargas and JoãoGoulart.
As mentioned, there were other parties of lesser expression in Brazilian politics. The three mentioned above, in addition to being larger, were also responsible for achieving more numbers of votes. Other minor parties that existed during this period were the BrokenSocialProgressive (PSP) and the BrokenDemocratChristian (PDC). O BrokenCommunistBrazilian (PCB) had a short life and served between 1945 and 1947.
See too:Understand the concepts behind the political divide between "left" and "right"
1946 Constitution
The Fourth Republic was a period governed by the new Constitution promulgated in 1946. The new Constitution of Brazil was drawn up after the formation of a Constituent Assembly in the 1945 elections. With the inauguration of the elected president, Eurico Gaspar Dutra, the Constituent Assembly met for months until the promulgation of the new Constitution in September 18, 1946.
The 1946 Constitution expressed the ideological values of the elected politicians in 1945 and was therefore a liberal Constitution. In relation to democratic issues, the Constitution brought considerable improvements, as it resumed values that had been suppressed in the State. New and significantly increased the number of voters in Brazil, as it defined that men and women over 18 were entitled to the vote.
The Constitution, however, had its downsides. One of them was the exclusion of the illiterate right to vote, which was only obtained in 1988. Furthermore, the Constitution did not grant rural workers the labor rights obtained in previous years by urban workers. Furthermore, a clause referring to agrarian reform in particular was the subject of intense debate years later.
Main events of the Fourth Republic (Populist Republic)
Eurico Gaspar Dutra (1946-1951)
Eurico Gaspar Dutra was elected president by the PSD/PTB ticket, defeating EdwardGomes, from UDN, and IedoFiúza, from the PCB. Dutra was elected based on the timid support given to him by Getúlio Vargas and also because of mistakes made by his main adversary, Eduardo Gomes. Dutra assumed the presidency on January 31, 1946, announcing that he would be "the president of all Brazilians"1.
In relation to the economy, two distinct moments stood out in his government: in the first, an economic policy was applied liberal which, after burning the country's foreign exchange reserves, was replaced by a policy interventionist which resulted in great economic growth. In matters of foreign policy, the country unconditionally allied itself with the United States.
As a result of this alliance, the government broke diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union and began to strongly persecute unions, workers' organizations and left-wing parties. With that, the PCB was made illegal, and its politicians were impeached.
Also click:Learn more about the context in which Dutra began to persecute communists in Brazil
Getúlio Vargas (1951-1954)
Getúlio Vargas returned to the presidency of Brazil after winning the 1950 elections, when he defeated the udenista EdwardGomes and the PSD candidate christianAxe. Vargas' second government was marked by a strong political crisis which shook the support of his government and caused numerous controversies around the economic policy adopted.
Economically, Getúlio Vargas aligned himself with a more nationalist posture, especially in the exploitation of national resources. In this issue, the controversy surrounding the creation of the Petrobras, in 1953, after an extensive popular campaign that had as the motto “the oil is ours”. The creation of this state-owned company, which monopolized oil exploration in Brazil, strongly displeased certain Brazilian political groups aligned with foreign interests.
The state's intervention posture in the economy was another issue that bothered a lot. These controversies strengthened anti-Getulism in Brazil, and Vargas had to deal with frequent allegations of corruption and attempts to establish a union dictatorship in the country.
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Vargas also had to deal with the dissatisfactionpopular on account of high inflation, which destroyed the purchasing power of the worker. Vargas' response was the appointment of JoãoGoulart, a politician from Rio Grande do Sul with high negotiating power with the unions, for the MinistryofWork and approval of the proposal to increase the minimum wage by 100%.
This generated deep dissatisfaction in the military, who sharply criticized Vargas, and in the udenistas. One of the biggest names in anti-Getulism was Carloslacerda, journalist and owner of Press Tribune. This journalist was even the pivot of the Vargas government's final crisis.
On August 5, 1954, Carlos Lacerda was attacked at the door of his house, on Rua Tonelero, in Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro. Investigations found that GregoryFortune, chief of security at the presidential palace, he had been the mastermind of the crime. Vargas began to be bombarded with resignation requests until, on August 24, 1954, committed suicide in the Palace of Catete.
Juscelino Kubitschek (1956-1961)
The inauguration of Juscelino to the presidency of Brazil was only possible thanks to the efforts of Henrique Teixeira Lott, minister of War that organized the Preventive Coup of 1955, which ended any possibility of a coup against the politician miner. This action was taken because, between 1954 and 1955, coup movements took place to prevent the holding of the 1955 election and to prevent JK's inauguration.
Juscelino Kubitschek, linked to the PSD/PTB ticket, was elected president after defeating his opponents: juarezTavora, from UDN, and Ademarinclays, from the PSP. His government was marked by the developmentalism, that is, by economic postures that sought the growth of the economy and industry in the country. To achieve this development, the Flatingoals, which stipulated investments in crucial areas of the country, such as energy and transport.
The result of JK's five-year government in the economy was a 7% average annual GDP growth it is a 80% industrial growth. Another highlight of this government was the construction of the new capital, Brasilia. The work took place in record time and involved a huge amount of money.
Despite the positive results, this government was also marked by the growth of social inequality in the country and by serious problems, such as low investment in education and food, which remained bottlenecks in our society.
Jânio Quadros (1961)
Jânio Quadros was the first and only politician that the UDN managed to elect in the country during the Fourth Republic. He was chosen as the party's candidate on the nomination of Carlos Lacerda, leader of conservatism in the country. In the 1960 presidential election, Jânio Quadros defeated HenriqueTeixeiralott, of the PSD/PTB plate, and Ademarinclays, from the PSP.
Janio's government was short, lasting almost seven months. During this period, the president accumulated controversy with the population and with its party, the UDN. In the economy, he took measures that increased the price of fuel and bread. Other controversial measures were the ban on the use of bikini and the decoration of Che Guevara, leader of the revolutionary struggle in America.
This last fact infuriated his party, which was ideologically conservative, politically isolating the president. The exit found by Jânio was resign from the presidency on August 25, 1961. His resignation is interpreted by historians as a failed attempt at self-coup. In this way, the country was thrown into a political crisis over presidential succession.
João Goulart (1961-1964)
the government of Jango (João Goulart's nickname) was one of the most troubled in the country's history. His inauguration took place in the midst of a political campaign known as “legality campaign”, which defended that Jango, vice-president of Jânio, was sworn in as president of Brazil. The struggle between loyalists and coupists nearly dragged the country into civil war.
Jango assumed the presidency on September 7, 1961 in a regime parliamentarian. Although presidential political powers are undermined by parliamentarism, as of January of 1963, presidentialism had its powers regained through a plebiscite voted by the population.
Thus, Jango was empowered to try to implement the Basic Reform, a set of structural reforms in vital areas of the country, such as tax and electoral systems, urban occupation, etc. Agrarian reform and the way it would be conducted in the country represented the great debate on Basic Reforms, which politically eroded and isolated João Goulart. As a result, his party, the PTB, lost the support of the PSD, which sided with the udenistas.
While attempts at reform were being debated, a secret was being organized in the country. coup against the president. This conspiracy had the participation of the military, civilians and, above all, the big business.
This coup conspiracy received US financial support, who even injected money into conservative candidacies in the 1962 election. Then, two groups were formed that started to organize the coup and to spread a speech to dismantle the base of the government with the population: the Ibad (Brazilian Institute of Democratic Action) and the Ipes (Institute for Research and Social Studies).
In 1964, two key moments took place:
On March 13, 1964, the president held the speech from Central do Brasil, in which he reassumed his commitment to carry out the Basic Reforms at all costs.
On March 19, 1964, in São Paulo, the Family March with God for Freedom, a response to Jango's speech. This event highlighted the existence of a large portion of the country that aligned itself with conservative agendas and fought against the government.
The continuity of this process led, from March 31, 1964, to the conspiracy to carry out the coup. Between March 31st and April 2nd, military troops carried out the necessary moves to occupy key points in the country. On April 2, the then president of the Senate, Auro de Moura, declared the presidency of Brazil vacant, thus consolidating the coup against democracy and against João Goulart. On April 9th, the AI-1. on the 15th, Humberto Castello Branco took over as the first "president" of the DictatorshipMilitary.
Summary
The Fourth Republic, also known as the Populist Republic (which has fallen into disuse among historians) and the Republic of 46, was a period that began in 1946, with the inauguration of Eurico Gaspar Dutra, and ended with the Civil-Military Coup that started the Dictatorship Military. During this phase, Brazil was presided over by nine presidents, among which five were elected in a presidential election (including João Goulart, vice president of Jânio).
With the end of the Estado Novo, a liberal democracy was established in Brazil, which expressed group values, as the Constitution of 1946 clearly demonstrated. This period was marked by strong political tensions, especially in the dispute between PTB/PSD and UDN, and by high economic growth rates.
Exercise solved
One of the main parties of this period was the National Democratic Union (UDN), created in the first half of 1945. During the Fourth Republic, this party, after being defeated in three presidential disputes, managed to elect a president. Which of the alternatives below summarizes this party's ideology?
a) Liberalism, conservatism and anti-Getulism.
b) Getulism and developmentalism.
c) Liberalism, developmentalism and Getulism.
d) Legalism, anti-liberalism and developmentalism.
e) Legalism and Getulism.
Resolution: LETTER A
The UDN was characterized by its conservative agenda aligned with liberalism, especially on the economic issue, as it advocated less state intervention in this area. The UDN also mobilized a moralistic discourse centered on fighting corruption, associating this practice with Getulismo. Thus, the UDN was also an anti-Getulist party. The struggle against this legacy in our politics led this party to support several coup attempts, including the one in 1964.
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1WALNUT, Octaciano. The Constituent Assembly of 1946: Getúlio, the hidden subject. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2005, p. 1.
*Image credits: FGV/CPDOC
By Daniel Neves
Graduated in History
a) implementation of an automobile industry.
b) expansion of hydroelectric plants (Paulo Afonso, Furnas and Três Marias).
c) creation of the National Education Council.
d) creation of the Superintendence for the Development of the Northeast (Sudene).
e) opening of new highways.
(Unesp — adapted) What is the name of the president of Brazil who became known as Jango?
