arguments are logical ideas related to each other and for the purpose of clarifying and solving a certain situation or doubt, for example.
Arguments are usually based on premises that help build a conclusion. However, all premises must be based on a logical sense, otherwise the final result may not be true or valid.
See also the meaning of sophism.
Arguments usually serve primarily to prove something, such as a point of view, a decision, or an idea. Its objective, in this case, is to justify a certain object that is the cause of a debate.
For example, in the legal and ethical scope, an intense discussion remains in Brazil about the Penal Age and the Death Penalty for some types of crimes.
These debates are permeated by arguments that try to convince the population about the positive aspects of the approval of these laws, while opposing groups use contrary arguments to veto and impede the advance of this discussion (counter arguments).
As said, the main points of both arguments must be focused on logic and reality, always based on some principle, either legal (the laws), ethical (codes of ethics and human rights) or, in some cases, religious (the bible) to justify the conclusion Final.
The conclusion is the opinion created from all the arguments presented together, which can be historical information, statistical data and other content of a rational nature.
Most academic texts and essays must be presented as argumentative, that is, filled with facts, studies, issues and logical solutions on the topic being addressed.
See also the meaning of Syllogism it's from Assumption.